Table 1.

Estimated associations linking earlier childhood physical punishment with alcohol outcomes; data from World Mental Health Surveys-metropolitan China, 2001-2002

Variable	Childhood physical punishment	n of cases	Weighted %	uOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
Precocious drinking	No (n = 1, 376)	121	9.9
(drinking onset ≤ 12 years)	Yes (n = 235)	39	19.1	2.1	1.2, 3.9	2.0	1.1, 3.8
Early more than minimal drinking	No	194	14.3
(≥ 12 drinks in 1 year at ≤19 years)	Yes	66	28.9	2.4	1.6, 3.8	2.3	1.4, 3.8
Early socially maladaptive drinking	No	26	1.2
(onset ≤ 23 years)	Yes	18	7.8	7.0	2.5, 19.1	6.2	2.2, 17.7
Early dependence problem	No	12	0.3
(≤23 years)	Yes	9	2.4	8.2	2.7, 24.8	7.7	2.5, 23.7
Early any problem	No	28	1.3
(onset ≤ 23 years)	Yes	19	7.9	6.8	2.5, 18.3	6.0	2.1, 16.9
Ever heavier drinking	No	112	7.7
	Yes	40	19.4	2.9	1.8, 4.7	2.7	1.6, 4.7
Ever socially maladaptive drinking	No	85	4.0
	Yes	38	13.3	3.7	1.9, 7.2	3.4	1.7, 6.6
Ever DSM-IV alcohol dependence	No	27	0.7
	Yes	15	3.2	4.9	1.9, 12.4	4.0	1.6, 9.9
Any dependence clinical feature	No	44	1.5
	Yes	24	5.9	4.2	1.6, 11.2	3.6	1.4, 9.6
Onset of problem after age 16 years	No	81	3.9
	Yes	35	12.7	3.6	1.8, 7.0	3.3	1.7, 6.5

Notes: Bold numbers indicate that the estimate was statistically significant (p < .05). uOR = unadjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; aOR = adjusted odds ratio, adjusted for sex and age; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.