Table 3.

Functional comonomers employed in polymerizations with styrene, (meth)acrylates, and vinyl acetate in direct miniemulsion.

Main monomer	Functional comonomer	Functional group	Ref.
styrene	acrylic acid	carboxylic acid	[30,34–38]
	methacrylic acid	carboxylic acid	[31]
	2-aminoethyl methacrylate	amino	[34–35,40]
	isoprene	double bond	[43]
	vinylphosphonic acid	phosphonate	[44]
	2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate	hydroxy	[40–41]
	2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate	hydroxy	[41]
	styrene sulfonic acid	sulfonate	[40,45]
methyl methacrylate	vinylphosphonic acid	phosphonate	[44]
styrene, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate	2-aminoethyl methacrylate	amino	[42]
methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate	acrylic acid	carboxylic acid	[39]
vinyl acetate	n-methylol acrylamide	hydroxy	[32]
octadecyl methacrylate	acrylic acid, methacrylic acid		[29]
fluoroalkyl acrylates	acrylic acid	carboxylic acid	[33]
	methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride	ammonium	[33]