Table 2.
GRAS sample description
| total | men | women | statistics | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | mean (sd) | median | N | % | mean (sd) | median | N | % | mean (sd) | median | χ 2/Z | P | ||
| sociodemographics | |||||||||||||||
| total n | 1037 | 100 | 693 | 100 | 344 | 100 | |||||||||
| age (in years) | 39.52 (12.56) | 39.05 | 37.57 (11.97) | 36.67 | 43.46 (12.80) | 42.85 | Z = -6.980 | < 0.001* | |||||||
| education (in years) | 11.94 (3.37) | 12.00 | 11.71 (3.34) | 12.00 | 12.42 (3.39) | 12.00 | Z = -2.714 | 0.007* | |||||||
| ethnicity: | caucasian | 992 | 95.66 | 661 | 95.38 | 331 | 96.20 | ||||||||
| african | 7 | 0.68 | 6 | 0.87 | 1 | 0.30 | |||||||||
| mixed | 10 | 0.96 | 7 | 1.01 | 3 | 0.90 | χ2 = 1.202 | 0.753 | |||||||
| unknown | 28 | 2.70 | 19 | 2.74 | 9 | 2.60 | |||||||||
| native tongue: | German | 902 | 86.98 | 591 | 85.71 | 311 | 90.67 | ||||||||
| bi-lingual German | 46 | 4.44 | 38 | 4.33 | 8 | 1.46 | χ2 = 6.899 | 0.032* | |||||||
| other | 89 | 8.58 | 64 | 9.96 | 25 | 7.87 | |||||||||
| marital status: | single | 748 | 72.13 | 575 | 82.97 | 173 | 50.44 | ||||||||
| married | 129 | 12.44 | 48 | 6.93 | 81 | 23.32 | |||||||||
| divorced | 124 | 11.96 | 57 | 8.23 | 67 | 19.53 | χ2 = 121.516 | < 0.001* | |||||||
| widowed | 13 | 1.25 | 3 | 0.43 | 10 | 2.92 | |||||||||
| unknown | 23 | 2.22 | 10 | 1.44 | 13 | 3.79 | |||||||||
| living situation: | alone | 292 | 28.16 | 201 | 29.00 | 91 | 26.45 | ||||||||
| alone with children | 17 | 1.64 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 4.94 | |||||||||
| with partner (± children) | 137 | 13.20 | 50 | 7.22 | 87 | 25.29 | |||||||||
| With parents | 157 | 15.14 | 121 | 17.46 | 36 | 10.47 | |||||||||
| with others (family members, friends) | 71 | 6.85 | 53 | 7.65 | 18 | 5.23 | χ2 = 116.823 | < 0.001* | |||||||
| sheltered home | 282 | 27.19 | 212 | 30.59 | 70 | 20.35 | |||||||||
| forensic hospital | 54 | 5.21 | 43 | 6.20 | 11 | 3.20 | |||||||||
| homeless | 4 | 0.39 | 4 | 0.58 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| unknown | 23 | 2.22 | 9 | 1.30 | 14 | 4.07 | |||||||||
| clinical picture | |||||||||||||||
| diagnosis: | classical schizophrenias schizoaffective disorders |
852 185 |
82.16 17.84 |
615 78 |
88.74 11.26 |
237 107 |
68.90 31.10 |
χ2= 61.794 | < 0.001* | ||||||
| age of onset of first psychotic episode | 25.75 (8.81) | 23.00 | 24.49 (7.71) | 22.00 | 28.28 (10.23) | 26.00 | Z = -5.705 | < 0.001* | |||||||
| duration of disease (in years) | 13.23 (10.71) | 10.87 | 12.57 (10.38) | 10.16 | 14.54 (11.24) | 13.02 | Z = -2.600 | 0.009* | |||||||
| hospitalization (number of inpatient stays) | 8.60 (9.76) | 6.00 | 8.49 (9.95) | 5.00 | 8.83 (9.38) | 6.00 | Z = -0.727 | 0.467 | |||||||
| chlorpromazine equivalents | 687.36 (696.85) | 499.98 | 706.67 (668.43) | 520.00 | 648.35 (750.50) | 450.00 | Z = -2.428 | 0. 015* | |||||||
| PANSSa: | positive symptoms | 13.76 (6.32) | 12.00 | 13.94 (6.16) | 12.00 | 13.92 (6.64) | 12.00 | Z = -0.130 | 0.990 | ||||||
| negative symptoms | 18.23 (7.85) | 17.00 | 18.14 (7.57) | 17.00 | 18.11 (8.44) | 17.00 | 0.886 | 0.376 | |||||||
| general psychiatric symptoms | 33.73 (11.83) | 32.00 | 33.37 (11.31) | 32.00 | 34.50 (12.81) | 33.00 | -0.886 | 0.376 | |||||||
| total score | 65.64 (23.40) | 63.00 | 65.32 (22.41) | 63.00 | 66.31 (25.37) | 62.00 | -0.025 | 0.980 | |||||||
| Clinical Global Impression scaleb | 5.57 | 6.00 | 5.57 (1.03) | 6.00 | 5.57 (1.18) | 6.00 | Z = -0.121 | 0.894 | |||||||
| Global Assessment of Functioningc | 45.76 (0.68) | 45.00 | 45.60 (16.30) | 45.00 | 46.09 (19.11) | 45.00 | Z = -0.323 | 0.747 | |||||||
| global quality of life d | 5.41 (2.37) | 5.00 | 5.43 (2.31) | 5.00 | 5.38 (2.49) | 5.00 | Z = -0.378 | 0.705 | |||||||
| Brief Symptom Inventory e: | general severity index | 0.88 (0.68) | 0.71 | 0.87 (0.66) | 0.71 | 0.92 (0.72) | 0.71 | Z = -0.687 | 0.492 | ||||||
| State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory f : | state anxiety | 43.54 (10.89) | 43.00 | 43.48 (10.45) | 43.00 | 43.65 (11.79) | 43.00 | Z = -0.121 | 0.904 | ||||||
| trait anxiety | 44.96 (11.34) | 45.00 | 44.67 (11.09) | 45.00 | 45.56 (11.82) | 46.00 | -0.983 | 0.326 | |||||||
| Toronto Alexithymia Scale g | 2.59 (0.56) | 2.61 | 2.58 (0.54) | 2.55 | 2.60 (0.60) | 2.66 | Z = -0.607 | 0.544 | |||||||
aKay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA: The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull1987,13(2):261-276. bGuy W: Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). In ECDEU Assessment manual for psychopharmacology, revised NationalInstitue of Mental Health. Rockville, MD; 1976. cAmericanPsychiatricAssociation: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994. dBased on a visual analogue scale (Krampe H, Bartels C, Victorson D, Enders CK, Beaumont J, Cella D, Ehrenreich H: The influence of personality factors on disease progression and health-related quality of life in people with ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 2008, 9:99-107). eFranke GH: Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Goettingen: Beltz; 2000. fLaux L, Glanzmann P, Schaffner P, Spielberger CD: Das State-Trait-Angstinventar (STAI). Weinheim: Beltz; 1981. gKupfer J, Brosig B, Braehler E: Toronto Alexithymie-Skala-26 (TAS-26). Goettingen: Hogrefe; 2001.