Table 2.
Zinc and Proteins of Immunological Significance
| Protein | Immunological Role | References |
|---|---|---|
| Calcineurin | Zinc inhibits Calcineurin activity in Jurkat cells | [177] |
| COX-2 | Lung zinc exposure increases COX-2 | [178] |
| Caspases | Cytosolic caspase-3 activity is increased in Zn-deficient cells. May be mediated by the cytoprotectant abilities of zinc | [110] |
| E-selectin | Zinc deficiency increased E-selectin gene expression | [179] |
| FC epsilon RI | Mast cell activation downstream of FC epsilon requires zinc | [72,180] |
| HMGB1 | 3 Cys, 2 His, unknown role of zinc | [174] |
| HSP70 | Zinc increased basal/stress-induced Hsp70 in CD3+ lymphocytes | [181] |
| IFN-γ | ZIP8 influences INF-gamma in T cells | [177] |
| IL-1 β | Zinc suppresses IL-1 beta expression in monocytes | [39,182] |
| IL-2 | High zinc decreased IL-2 in T cell line, Jurkat cells | [183,184] |
| IL-2R α | High zinc decreased IL-2R α in T Cell Line | [184] |
| IL-6 | Zinc modulated circulating cytokine in elderly patients | [61,185,186] |
| KIR | Zinc is necessary for the inhibitory function of KIRs | [187,188] |
| MCP-1 | Zinc modulated circulating MCP-1 in elderly patients | [185] |
| MHC Class II | There is zinc dependent binding site where super-antigens and peptides bind | [189,190] |
| NFkB | NFkB p65 DNA-binding activity increased by zinc deficiency (sepsis). Zinc regulates NFkB. High zinc decreases NFkB activation in T Cell Line. Zinc activates NFkB in T cell line. IKK gamma zinc finger, can regulate NFkB | [42,179,191,192] |
| PDE-1,3,4 | Zinc reversibly inhibited enzyme activity of phosphodiesterases. | [39] |
| PPAR-α | Zinc deficiency down-regulated PPAR-α | [184] |
| Proteasome | Zinc can inhibit proteasome | [193] |
| S100 Proteins | RAGE ligands | [173] |
| TLR-2 | Zinc limits TLR surface expression | [194] |
| TNF-α | Zinc suppresses TNF-α expression in T-Cells, monocytes | [39,40,184] |
| Zinc finger proteins | ||
| A20 zinc finger | Modulates TLR-4 signaling, Inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis | [192,195] |
| DPZF | BCL-6 Like Zinc Finger, Immune responses | [196] |
| Gfi1 | Antagonizes NFkB p65, Upstream of TNF | [197,198] |
| IKK γ | Zinc finger that regulates NFkB | [199] |
| PLZF | Expressed in iNKT cells. iNKT cells lacking PLZF lack innate cytotoxicity and do not secrete IL-4 or IFN-γ | [68] |
| ZAS3 | Zinc Finger protein that inhibits NFkB | [200] |