Table 3. Pharmacological CAM Use in Participants with Diabetes by Ethnicity.

	N (%)
CAM Type	Caucasian 446 (56.0)	African-American 44 (5.5)	Hispanic/Latino 90 (11.3)	Native American 63 (7.9)	Asian 98 (12.3)	Pacific Islander/Other 56 (7.0)	P value
Any CAM*	420 (94.2)	42 (95.5)	86 (95.6)	60 (95.2)	86 (88.0)	47 (83.9)	0.02
Pharmacological CAM*	376 (84.3)	37 (84.1)	77 (85.6)	49 (77.8)	78 (79.6)	37 (66.1)	0.02
Aloe Vera	26 (5.8)	2 (4.6)	9 (10.0)	9 (14.3)	4 (4.1)	2 (3.6)	0.10
American Ginseng*	7 (1.6)	3 (6.8)	2 (2.2)	5 (7.9)	3 (3.1)	2 (3.6)	0.03
Chondroitin Sulfate	43 (9.6)	2 (4.6)	2 (2.2)	4 (6.4)	10 (10.2)	2 (3.6)	0.11
Chromium	47 (10.5)	6 (13.6)	9 (10.0)	8 (12.7)	4 (4.1)	5 (8.9)	0.31
Echinacea	34 (7.6)	2 (4.6)	5 (5.6)	7 (11.1)	12 (12.2)	4 (7.14)	0.47
Garcinia	2 (0.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.8)	0.53
Garlic	63 (14.1)	8 (18.2)	10 (11.1)	13 (20.6)	5 (13.3)	10 (17.9)	0.57
Gingko Biloba*	19 (4.3)	2 (4.6)	5 (5.6)	7 (11.1)	11 (11.2)	6 (10.7)	0.03
Glucosamine*	83 (18.6)	7 (15.9)	4 (4.4)	14 (22.2)	16 (16.3)	10 (17.9)	0.03
Green Tea	135 (30.3)	16 (36.4)	24 (26.7)	23 (36.5)	33 (33.7)	16 (28.6)	0.72
Herbal R/Supplements	94 (21.1)	7 (15.9)	13 (14.4)	10 (15.9)	21 (21.4)	10 (17.9)	0.64
L-Carnitine	11 (2.5)	3 (6.8)	0 (0.0)	4 (6.4)	1 (1.0)	1 (1.8)	0.05
Melatonin	11 (2.5)	1 (2.3)	1 (1.1)	2 (3.2)	4 (4.1)	0 (0.0)	0.66
Multi-vitamins&, ‡	258 (57.9)	23 (52.3)	31 (34.4)	22 (34.9)	42 (42.9)	16 (28.6)	< 0.001
Noni Juice*	10 (2.2)	2 (4.6)	4 (4.4)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	5 (8.9)	0.02
Prickly Pear Cactus†	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	30 (33.3)	2 (3.2)	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
St. John's Wart	9 (2.0)	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (3.2)	1 (1.0)	1 (1.8)	0.62
Trumpet Flower	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1.00
Vitamin Eˆ	183 (41.0)	19 (43.2)	24 (26.7)	24 (38.1)	24 (24.5)	12 (21.4)	0.001

^*p <0.05;

^†p ≤ 0.01;

^ˆp ≤0.001