P. boydii conidia induced cytokine release by macrophages. Macrophages were stimulated with P. boydii live conidia at a ratio of 5 conidia/macrophage, after 24 h the supernatant was recovered, centrifuged, and TNF, IL-6, IL-12, IP-10/CXCL10, and IL-10 were evaluated by ELISA, results represent mean ± S.E. of two experiments *, p ≤ 0.05 (A). Macrophages were stimulated with heat-killed P. boydii conidia (5 conidia/macrophage) or heat-killed hyphae (5 mg/ml), after 24 h the supernatant was recovered and TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 were evaluated by ELISA, results represent mean ± S.E. of two different experiments *, p ≤ 0.05 (B). Macrophages were stimulated with live P. boydii conidia (5 conidia/macrophage) or heat-killed P. boydii conidia (5 conidia/macrophage), after 24 h supernatants were recovered and TNF was evaluated by ELISA, results represent mean ± S.E. of two experiments (C).