Table 1.

Programmed cell death pathways and their possible roles in parasite biology and parasite-host interaction

Function	Parasite/Stage	Host	Form of death/Sign. pathway	Citations
Density control	T. brucei/short stumpy	mammal	apoptosis	[20,21]
	T. brucei/procyclic	tsetse fly	apoptosis	[22,23]
	P. berghei, P. falciparum/ookinetes	vector	apoptosis	[34,35]
	T. cruzi/epimastigotes	vector	apoptosis	[44,47]
	T. cruzi/amastigotes	mammal	apoptosis	[45,46]
Immune silencing	L. major/promastigotes	mammal	apoptosis	[60,61]
	L. amazonensis/amastigotes	mammal	apoptosis	[65]
	T. cruzi/trypomastigotes	vector, mammal	apoptosis	[66]
	T. brucei/short stumpy	mammal	apoptosis	[70]
	Toxoplasma/tachyzoites	mammal	apoptosis	[71]
Differentiation	L. major, L. mexicana	sand fly, mammal	autophagy	[75,76]
	T. brucei	mammal, sand fly	autophagy	[81]
	T. cruzi/epimastigotes	vector	autophagy	[84]
Stress response
starvation	T. brucei	tsetse fly	autophagy	[87]
ROS, DHA, neuropeptides	T. brucei/blood stream form	mammal	autophagy/autophagic cell death	[15,16,87,90]
chemotherapeutic agents	T. cruzi/epimastigotes, trypomastigotes	vector, mammal	autophagy/cell death	[6,17,18,91-93]
starvation	T. cruci	vector	autophagy	[84]
heat shock	L. infantum, L. donovani, L. amazonensis	mammal	apoptosis	[97-101]