Effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on neonatal rat pain sensitivity in the tail-flick test (P5–P8). Rats were intracerebrally injected with saline, LPS (0.1 mg/kg), or LPS (1 mg/kg) at P5 and intensity 2 was used in the tail-flick test. LPS injection resulted in enhanced responses to stimuli in the neonatal rat, i.e., decreased latency to tail removal from a radiant heat source. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM of 12 animals in each group, and were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA for data from tests conducted continuously at different postnatal days. * P < 0.05 represents a significant difference in the LPS (0.1 mg/kg) or LPS (1 mg/kg) group compared with the saline group on the same postnatal day. # P < 0.05 represents a significant difference in the LPS (1 mg/kg) group compared with the LPS (0.1 mg/kg) group on the same postnatal day.