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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Speech Commun. 2010;52(11-12):930–942. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2010.06.003

Table 4.

The distance-from-English “ladders” from all four listener groups in Experiments 2 and 3. Ladder rung “1” is closest to English, “17” is farthest from English.

Ladder rung Listener Group
English Dutch Mandarin Turkish Korean
1 Dutch Dutch Hungarian Slovene Swedish
2 Catalan Galician Swedish Swedish Dutch
3 Galician Swedish Turkish Dutch Hungarian
4 Croatian Catalan Galician Hebrew Turkish
5 Swedish Slovene Dutch Japanese Catalan
6 Hausa Hungarian Catalan Croatian Slovene
7 Turkish Hausa Slovene Turkish Galician
8 Hungarian Croatian Persian Catalan Persian
9 Korean Korean Croatian Sindhi Sindhi
10 Japanese Turkish Sindhi Galician Croatian
11 Slovene Sindhi Amharic Hausa Amharic
12 Persian Amharic Hausa Hungarian Arabic
13 Hebrew Persian Arabic Cantonese Hausa
14 Amharic Japanese Korean Korean Hebrew
15 Sindhi Hebrew Hebrew Persian Cantonese
16 Arabic Arabic Japanese Amharic Japanese
17 Cantonese Cantonese Cantonese Arabic Korean