Table 1.
Characteristics at admission of the whole population and of patients with and without WRF (CRE).
| Total | WRF absent | WRF present | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 394) | (n = 351) | (n = 43) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (mean, SD) | 77.9 (10.1) | 77.8 (10.3) | 79.2 (8.4) | .380 |
| Age >75 years | 274 (69.5) | 239 (68.1) | 35 (81.4) | .074 |
| Males | 266 (67.5) | 236 (67.2) | 30 (69.8) | .738 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Prior heart failure | 243 (61.7) | 218 (62.1) | 25 (58.1) | .613 |
| Diabetes | 130 (33.0) | 108 (30.8) | 12 (27.9) | .700 |
| Valvular disease | 108 (27.4) | 99 (28.2) | 9 (20.9) | .313 |
| COPD | 122 (30.9) | 111 (31.6) | 11 (25.6) | .418 |
| Hypertension | 230 (58.4) | 201 (57.3) | 29 (67.4) | .201 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | 74 (18.8) | 67 (19.1) | 7 (16.3) | .656 |
| Previus acute coronary syndrome | 226 (57.4) | 204 (58.1) | 22 (51.2) | .384 |
| Prior renal failure | 95 (24.1) | 76 (21.6) | 19 (44.2) | .001 |
| Clinical and laboratory parameters | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (mean, SD) | 132 (25.5) | 131 (25.1) | 137 (29.1) | .138 |
| Systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg | 43 (10.9) | 36 (10.3) | 7 (16.3) | .230 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.47 (0.8) | 1.71 (0.9) | .066 |
| Creatinine >1,5 mg/dL | 111 (28.2) | 92 (26.2) | 19 (44.2) | .013 |
| GFR, mL/min (mean, SD) | 54 (23.5) | 55 (22.8) | 51 (28.4) | .070 |
| GFR <60 mL/min | 239 (60.7) | 207 (59.0) | 32 (74.4) | .055 |
| Sodium, mEq/L (mean, SD) | 140 (4.4) | 140 (4.5) | 140 (3.5) | .854 |
| Potassium, mEq/L (mean, SD) | 4.0 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | .219 |
| Glycemia, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 76 (73.0) | 78 (74.6) | 58 (56.6) | .114 |
| Haemoglobin, gr/dL (mean, SD) | 12.6 (6.5) | 12.7 (1.8) | 12.1 (6.9) | .387 |
| Anaemia (hemoglobin <12 gr/dL) | 167 (42.4) | 147 (41.9) | 20 (46.5) | .562 |
| Haematocrit (mean, SD) | 38 (6.1) | 39 (6.2) | 38 (5.2) | .502 |
| Azotemia, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 46 (50.0) | 45.5 (49.1) | 50.2 (60.5) | .561 |
| NYHA class (mean, SD) | 3.3 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.7) | .778 |
| NYHA class III-IV | 353 (89.6) | 316 (90.0) | 37 (86.0) | .420 |
| KILLIP (mean, SD) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | .363 |
| Doppler echocardiography | ||||
| Ejection fraction (mean, SD) | 39.6 (12.2) | 39.5 (12.2) | 39.7 (12.4) | .942 |
| Ejection fraction <45% | 241 (61.2) | 215 (61.3) | 26 (60.5) | .869 |
| Left atrial size, mm (mean, SD) | 46.3 (7.3) | 46.4 (7.5) | 45.2 (6.0) | .343 |
| Left ventricular size, mm (mean, SD) | 58.5 (9.5) | 58.4 (10.0) | 58.1 (6.7) | .982 |
| Left atrial dilatation | 232 (58.9) | 211 (60.1) | 21 (48.8) | .279 |
| Left ventricular dilatation | 265 (67.3) | 237 (67.5) | 28 (65.1) | .880 |
| Elettrocardiogram | ||||
| LBBB | 45 (11.4) | 40 (11.4) | 5 (11.6) | .960 |
| Heart rate, bpm (mean, SD) | 85.3 (17.0) | 85 (17.0) | 88 (16.3) | .276 |
| Heart rate ≥100 bpm | 80 (20.3) | 64 (18.2) | 16 (37.2) | .003 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 164 (41.6) | 149 (42.4) | 15 (34.9) | .342 |
| Medical treatments | ||||
| Aldosterone antagonists | 88 (22.3) | 76 (21.6) | 12 (27.9) | .352 |
| Diuretics | 285 (72.3) | 255 (72.5) | 30 (69.8) | .690 |
| Beta-blockers | 109 (27.7) | 98 (27.9) | 11 (25.6) | .746 |
| Calcium channell blockers | 60 (15.3) | 49 (14.0) | 11 (25.6) | .045 |
| ACE inhibitors | 215 (54.7) | 190 (54.1) | 25 (58.1) | .618 |
| ARBs | 37 (9.4) | 30 (8.5) | 7 (16.3) | .101 |
| Statins | 46 (11.7) | 40 (11.4) | 6 (14.0) | .865 |
| ASA | 163 (41.4) | 143 (40.7) | 20 (46.5) | .468 |
| Warfarin | 101 (25.6) | 91 (25.9) | 10 (23.3) | .705 |
| Nitrates | 144 (36.5) | 133 (37.9) | 11 (25.6) | .114 |
| Digoxin | 99 (25.1) | 95 (27.1) | 4 (9.3) | .006 |
ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; ASA: acetylsalycilic acid; LBBB: left bundle branch block; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmunary disease; NYHA: New York Health Association.