. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Dec 20.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Behav Med. 2008 Aug 22;36(1):81–86. doi: 10.1007/s12160-008-9047-6

Table 2.

Associations between waterpipe smoking and predictors

Predictor	OR (95% CI) for past year waterpipe tobacco smoking		OR (95% CI) for 30-day waterpipe tobacco smoking
	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a
Harm (versus cigarettes)
Waterpipe more harmful	1.25 (0.79, 1.97)	1.48 (0.92, 2.39)	1.30 (0.60, 2.79)	1.48 (0.67, 3.26)
Waterpipe same harm	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Waterpipe less harmful	2.55 (1.73, 3.77)^**	2.54 (1.68, 3.83)^**	2.67 (1.44, 4.96)^*	2.47 (1.29, 4.73)^*
Addictiveness (versus cigarettes)
Waterpipe more addictive	0.73 (0.29, 1.85)	0.90 (0.35, 2.32)	0.82 (0.18, 3.82)	1.02 (0.22, 4.86)
Waterpipe same addictiveness	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Waterpipe less addictive	5.25 (3.48, 7.94)^**	4.64 (3.03, 7.10)^**	3.67 (1.87, 7.23)^**	2.99 (1.49, 5.99)^*
Peer acceptability
Not acceptable	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Somewhat/moderately acceptable	8.3 (2.55, 27.07)^**	8.07 (2.45, 26.62)^*	1.62 (0.36, 7.33)	1.41 (0.31, 6.43)
Very acceptable	24.18 (7.42, 78.81)^**	20.00 (6.03, 66.30)^**	9.44 (2.24, 39.85)^*	6.23 (1.44, 26.99)^*
Impression of waterpipe popularity
Lowest third (thinks waterpipe is not popular)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Middle third	3.65 (2.29, 5.82)^**	3.34 (2.04, 5.50)^**	2.33 (1.10, 4.96)^*	2.24 (0.98, 5.16)
Highest third (thinks waterpipe very popular)	5.60 (3.51, 8.93)^**	4.72 (2.85, 7.82)^**	3.67 (1.78, 7.56)^**	3.10 (1.37, 7.03)^*

Adjusted for age, gender, race, living arrangement (on- or off-campus), membership in a fraternity/sorority, and self-reported grades.

p<0.05

^**

p<0.001