. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Dec 20.

Published in final edited form as: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Feb;162(2):169–175. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.27

Table 2.

References to Substances by Song Genre

Type of Reference	Specific Genre						All Genres (N=279)^a
Type of Reference	Country (n=61)^a	Pop (n=35)^a	R&B/Hip-Hop (n=55)^a	Rap (n=62)^a	Rock (n=66)^a	P Value	All Genres (N=279)^a
Any substance reference^b	25 (41)	5 (14)	15 (27)	56 (90)	15 (23)	<.001	116 (41.6)
Explicit substance use^c	22 (36)	3 (9)	11 (20)	48 (77)	9 (14)	<.001	93 (33.3)
Tobacco use	3 (5)	0	1 (2)	3 (5)	1 (2)	.48	8 (2.9)
Alcohol use	20 (33)	2 (6)	7 (13)	33 (53)	4 (6)	<.001	66 (23.7)
Marijuana use	1 (2)	0	3 (5)	33 (53)	1 (2)	<.001	38 (13.6)
Use of other illicit drugs, prescription drugs, or nonspecific substances^d	2 (3)	2 (6)	3 (5)	23 (37)	2 (3)	<.001	32 (11.5)

Data are given as number (percentage) of each song genre.

Includes (1) actual use, (2) figurative use, (3) use of a place where substances are commonly used, and (4) a “wallpaper reference.”

Includes actual substance use only.

Other illicit drugs include cocaine or amphetamines, opiates, and hallucinogens. Although we searched for inhalants and other psychotropic substances, none were noted.