Table 2.

Sociodemographic and Prepregnancy Characteristics by Subsequent GDM Pregnancy Status, the CARDIA Study, 1985–2006

Prepregnancy Characteristics	GDM Pregnancies (n = 154)			Non-GDM Pregnancies (n = 1,655)			P Value
	No.	%	Mean (SD)	No.	%	Mean (SD)
Race (black)	75	49		782	47		0.75
Education (high school or less)a	39	25		509	31		0.23
Smoker (past/current)a	78	51		670	41		0.02
Oral contraceptive use (current)a	28	18		239	15		0.28
Family history of diabetes (yes)	66	43		439	27		<0.001
Nulliparous	81	53		986	60		0.07
Multifetal pregnanciesb	5	3		33	2		0.37
Hypertensionc	5	4		40	2		0.23
Metabolic syndrome (NCEP ATP III)	5	3		6	0.4		<0.001
Age, years			27.4 (5.2)			27 (5.2)	0.17
Body mass index, kg/m2			26.7 (7.5)			24.1 (5.3)	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm			79.5 (15.5)			73.7 (10.9)	<0.001
Fasting
Glucose, mg/dL			83.9 (10.9)			81.6 (8.0)	0.01
Insulin, μU/mL			14.0 (10.1)			10.8 (6.9)	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL			79.0 (36.6)			65.6 (32.1)	<0.001
HDL-C, mg/dL			52.1 (14.3)			56.1 (13.1)	0.002
LDL-C, mg/dL			110.9 (27.7)			105.1 (29.4)	0.008
Total cholesterol, mg/dL			179.0 (30.0)			174.4 (30.7)	0.05
HOMA-IR			3.0 (2.4)			2.2 (1.6)	<0.001
Systolic BP, mm Hg			106.2 (10.6)			105 (9.5)	0.12
Diastolic BP, mm Hg			68.0 (7.8)			66.4 (8.9)	0.02
Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg			80.7 (8.0)			79.3 (8.2)	0.02

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NCEP ATP III, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; SD, standard deviation.

^aMissing variables: education (n = 1); smoking (n = 3); and oral contraceptive use (n = 6).

^bMultifetal pregnancies during follow-up.

^cHypertension before pregnancy (BP, ≥140/90 or taking antihypertensive medication).