Figure 5.

Scheme of metabolic pathways where enzymes either upregulated (black boxes) or downregulated (white boxes) in LP are highlighted. Upregulation of central carbon metabolism enzymes suggests an increased availability of primary metabolite intermediates and ATP, GTP, NAD(P)H and FADH₂ for anabolic processes under LP condition. Enzymes related to the synthesis of balhimycin precursors (red rectangles), such as Leu, Tyr, Asn, DPG and HPG and amino sugars, were upregulated during antibiotic production. Reactions are reported according to KEGG and BioCy metabolic pathway databases. Enzyme name abbreviations refer to Table 3 S (Additional file 1).