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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2010 Oct 27;152(1):89–94. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.035

Table 3.

Group differences on sleep variables

Sleep variable Chronic Pain
(n = 59)
M (SD)
Healthy
(n = 56)
M (SD)
F(1, 98) p Partial
Eta
Squared
Sleep hygiene
      Total 1.20 (.57) 1.09 (.44) 1.30 .257 .01
      Physiological 1.30 (.85) 1.09 (.71) 2.14 .147 .02
      Cognitive 2.02 (.81) 1.96 (.73) .15 .698 .00
      Emotional 1.06 (.96) .88 (.74) 1.22 .272 .11
      Sleep environment .72 (.92) .67 (.70) .11 .736 .00
      Substances .08 (.28) .05 (.34) .14 .709 .00
      Sleep stability 2.05 (1.18) 1.91 (.96) .44 .507 .00
Sleep quality
      Total 3.83 (.56) 4.25 (.52) 17.80 .000 .14
      Going to bed 3.83 (.92) 4.05 (.88) 1.70 .195 .02
      Falling asleep 3.66 (.72) 4.35 (.66) 28.16 .000 .20
      Maintaining sleep 4.22 (.86) 4.68 (.70) 10.12 .002 .08
      Reinitiating sleep 4.37 (.75) 4.83 (.71) 11.30 .001 .09
      Returning to
      wakefulness
3.06 (.83) 3.35 (.78) 3.83 .053 .03
Pre-sleep arousal
      Total 30.14 (9.71) 25.59 (6.33) 8.75 .004 .07
      Cognitive 16.90 (5.67) 15.02 (4.57) 3.81 .053 .03
      Somatic 13.24 (4.68) 10.57 (2.49) 14.33 .000 .11