Table 1.
Patient Demographics and Primary and Secondary Outcomesa
| Parameter | PDS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use | Nonuse | |||
| Gender (female/male) | 65/149 | 26/49 | ||
| Age (years) | 66.3 ± 8.6 | 63.8 ± 10.0b | ||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11 (6–19) | 9 (5–17) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.6 ± 4.9 | 31.1 ± 5.7 | ||
| Diabetes type (1/2) | 8/206 | 1/74 | ||
| Therapy (diet/OHA/OHA+insulin/insulin) | 25/60/49/80 | 4/29/18/24 | ||
| Carbohydrate intake (bread exchange unit) | 11.5 ± 3.2 | 12.0 ± 3.9 | ||
| Diabetes specialist/general practitioner | 108/106 | 34/41 | ||
| Before | After | Before | After | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.10 ± 1.06 | 6.73 ± 0.82c | 6.83 ± 0.81b | 7.28 ± 0.83a,a |
| HbA1c <6.5 (%) | 32.7 | 46.7c | 34.7 | 16.0c,4 |
| MSG (mmol/liter) | 7.68 ± 1.64 | 7.39 ± 1.26e | 8.07 ± 1.62 | 8.13 ± 1.92d |
| Glucose variability: | ||||
| range (mmol/liter) | 7.65 ± 2.88 | 7.21 ± 2.95e | 8.22 ± 3.11 | 8.22 ± 2.72d |
| Hyperglycemia (h/day) | 4.2 (1.6–9.3) | 3.6 (1.1–7.1)e | 5.7 (3.3–9.3)b | 6.1 (2.9–10.8)d |
| Hypoglycemia (min/day) | 0 (0–20) | 0 (0–15) | 0 (0–11) | 0 (0–20) |
| HBGI | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2)c | 1.8 (1.1–3.0)b | 1.8 (0.9–3.5)d |
| LBGI | 0.2 (0.04–0.7) | 0.3 (0.04–0.6) | 0.1 (0.03–0.5) | 0.3 (0.04–0.6) |
| GRADE | 5.1 (3.1–7.7) | 4.7 (3.1–6.9)e | 5.9 (4.5–7.7)b | 5.8 (3.7–8.6)d |
| Carbohydrate intake (bread exchange unit) | 11.5 ± 3.2 | 11.7 ± 3.1 | 12.0 ± 3.9 | 12.5 ± 3.7 |
| Insulin (IU) | 53 (34–77) | 55 (32–80) | 46 (35–76) | 48 (26–79) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.6 ± 4.9 | 30.5 ± 4.8 | 31.1 ± 5.7 | 31.4 ± 5.3 |
a
Data are given as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Euglycemic range for blood glucose is 3.9–8.9 mmol/liter. OHA; oral hyperglycemic agent; IU, insulin units.
b
p < .05 PDS use versus nonuse.
c
p < .01 versus before.
d
p < .01 PDS use versus nonuse.
e
p < .05.