Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Sabaots of Mt. Elgon Kenya

Abstract

Though the majority of people in Kenya and at Kopsiro Division in particular, rely on ethnomedicinal plant species to manage human ailments, the indigenous knowledge largely remains undocumented. Therefore, an ethnobotanical study was conducted on medicinal plant species used to manage human ailments at Kopsiro Division Mt. Elgon District Kenya. The objectives were to identify and document plants traditionally used for medicinal therapy by the Sabaots, to find out the method used for preparing and administering the drugs and to find out the conservation practices for the medicinal plants. Observations and semi-structured interviews were used to gather ethnobotanical data. 107 plants belonging to 56 families were identified and reported to be of medicinal value to the locals. Roots (47.3%) were the most frequently used parts of the plant followed by the bark (23.35%) then leaves (22.75%). The whole plant (1.8%), seed (1.2%), fruit (1.2%), sap (1.2%), flower (0.6%) and wood (0.6%) are least used in that order. The study revealed other hitherto undocumented medicinal plant species that may be new records for treating various ailments. Traditional medicine in Kopsiro division offers cheap, accessible and convenient remedy that suits the traditional lifestyle of the local community in comparison to the conventional medicine. Most medicinal plant species reported in this study were found to be under threat and this calls for urgent conservation measures so as to maximize the sustainable use of these vital resources in the study area.

Introduction

Traditional herbal remedies provide health services even in highly industrialized setups because they are important pillars of culture and human socialization (Owuor et al., 2005). In many cases, plants used as herbal remedies are not only important as drugs but also as food supplements with vitamins and minerals (Duke, 1992). Kokwaro (1983) noted that traditional medicine men and women have continued to occupy an important position in our societies. From a social dimension, they are used as a tool to determine the efficacy of indigenous medicine. This is reflected in the fact that the community refers patients with particular ailments to specific practitioners (Kaendi, 1997).

The change in lifestyles has had a negative impact on maintaining traditional knowledge on herbal remedies, hence there is a danger of this knowledge being lost. There is a rapid loss of traditional herbalists and a decline in authentic knowledge in traditional treatment, as a result of death of many aged healers (Cox and Balick, 1994). Overgrazing and over exploitation of plant resources have already led to a decline of the plant material available (Bussman et al., 2006).

With the advent of “modern medicine” and disinterest which many people from the third world countries show towards herbal remedies, there is danger that the knowledge of traditional healers will be lost forever if action is not taken to document the particular prescriptions involved. In view of the rapid loss of natural habitats, traditional community life, cultural diversity and knowledge of medicinal plants, documentation of African traditional plants is an urgent matter (Wyk et al., 2002).

Attempts were recently made to address this knowledge gap for instance: Jeruto et al. (2008) documents medicinal plants used by the Nandi of Kenya, Owuor and Kisangau (2006) made a comparison of plants used in snake bite treatments by two culturally distinct groups (Luo and Kamba), the ethnobotanical data suggests that plant species used by the two ethnic groups are similar though independently derived. Owuor et al. (2005) identified and documented 24 plant species used by traditional practitioners among the Luo for treatment of snakebites. However, practitioners seem not open and readily willing to disclose plants consistently used in snakebite treatment. This observation requires further documentation comparison of ethno-botanical results (Owuor and Kisangau 2006).

Mt. Elgon forest is in danger of being completely destroyed yet has many plant species of economic value such as Elgon teak (Ochuoga, 2002). The Mt. Elgon Integrated Conservation and Development Initiative (MICDI) estimated that the local communities have illegally excised over 5000 hectares of Chepyuk forest; over 2000 hectares of Kitale forest and hundreds of acres of kaboywo forest had been cleared and converted to cultivation of maize and wheat (Ochuoga, 2002).

The plant biodiversity is likely to be eroded hence an urgent need to document medicinal information of the plants in this area. The study therefore aimed at documenting medicinal plants used by the Sabaot community living in Kopsiro division of Mt. Elgon district. The area is faced with poor health services and the community has alternative services offered by herbal plant materials. This paper outlines some of the medicinal plants used by the Sabaot community in Mt. Elgon district, Kenya. Conservation measures for the forest are suggested

Materials and Methods

Study area

The study was carried out in Kopsiro division of Mt. Elgon district which is one of the six districts in Western Province, Kenya. The district borders Uganda to the north and west, Transnzoia district to the east, and Bungoma district to the south (Anonymous, 1997–2002). The district occupies 936.75 km² with Mount Elgon forest occupying 645.05 Km². It is divided into four divisions that is: Kapsokwony, Kaptama, Kopsiro and Cheptais. Kopsiro division occupies 248.78km2 of which 160.95km² is forested area (Anonymous, 1997–2002). Each division has four locations that are further subdivided into six sub-locations. The altitude of the district lies between 1800 meters above sea level in the south to about 4310 meters to the north (Anonymous, 1997–2002). The main land formation is the Mount Elgon, which slopes gently though some areas around the southern part of the district and central parts rise abruptly in an undulating characteristic to form cliffs rising up to 70 meters. The area is dissected by deep river gorges with frequent waterfalls (Anonymous, 1997–2002). Rainfall is bimodal with long rains appearing in March to June while the short rains in September to November (Anonymous, 1997–2002). However there is no clear distinction between the two rainy seasons. Rainfall received is moderate and ranges between 1400 mm to over 1800 mm per annum and is fairly distributed in the district.

The climate is favourable for a wide range of agricultural and livestock production activities which account for about 90% of the economic activities (Anonymous, 1997–2002). The mountain has a rich natural forest endowed with valuable timber trees such as Elgon Teak, Cedar, and Elgon Olives. Edible vegetables, fibres, fruits and traditional medicinal plants are found (Anonymous, 1997–2002).

Data collection

Ethno medicinal data was collected between August 2005 and December 2006 through field surveys in the four locations of Kopsiro division. Purposive sampling was used in the field survey where elders were used to identify medicinal plant practitioners (prior informed consent was obtained). Emphasis was on both men and women (Davis and Wagner, 2003). Seventy eight practitioners (40 men and 38 women) aged 30 years and above were systematically sampled from each of the four locations and interviewed in their homes by the use of a questionnaire. The respondents provided plant names, parts used, mode of preparation and administration, and the diseases treated. Authenticity was achieved when at least three independent respondents provided corroborative information. Four market vendors of herbs at the local Kapkateny market were interviewed to corroborate information on the plants, the information was considered valid when the three agreed (Johns et al., 1990). The clinical officer at Kopsiro Health Center provided information on the diseases and conditions that are prevalent in the community. One hundred and seven herbarium specimens were prepared and identified at the University of Nairobi and at the National Museums of Kenya Herbaria. The specimens were treated by mercuric chloride and stored as voucher specimens for future reference at the University Botanic Garden Maseno University Herbarium. The nomenclature of all plants follows: for herbs (Agnew and Agnew, 1994), for trees shrubs and lianas (Beentje, 1994). Photographs of the plants in-situ were also taken.

Data analysis

Both descriptive and inferential statistics by using general linear model was used to determine the level of threat to medicinal plants, informant data and factor of informants' consensus (Fic) values obtained from the questionnaires were used (Heinrich et al., 1998). ICF values will be low (near 0) if plants are chosen randomly, or if informants do not exchange information about their use. Values will be high (near 1) if there is a well-defined selection criterion in the community and /or if information is exchanged between informants.

Results

107 medicinal plant species distributed in 102 genera and 56 botanical families were identified and reported to be of medicinal value. The family reported with the highest number of medicinal plant species was Fabaceae (9 species, 8.41%). This was followed by Euphorbiaceae (8 species, 7.48%). Then was followed by Asteraceae (7 species, 6.54%) and Solanaceae (4 species, 3.73%). 9 families had each 3 species (2.8%), another 9 had each 2 species (1.87%) while 34 families had a single species represented (0.93%) (Table. 1). Roots (47.3%) were the most frequently used parts of the plant followed by the bark (23.35%) then leaves (22.75%). The whole plant (1.8%), seed (1.2%), fruit (1.2%), sap (1.2%), flower (0.6%) and wood (0.6%) are least used in that order (table 1).

Table 1.

Medicinal plants used by Sabaots in Kopsiro division of Mt. Elgon district.

FAMILY	Local name & voucher number	Plant species	Medicinal use	Habit	Part used	Method
Agavaceae	Makonket (OS 69/05)	Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm	Burns	Shrub	Leaves	Roasting
Amaranthaceae	Kipsirim (OS 73/05)	Achyranthes aspera L	Urinary tract	Herb	Whole	Boiling
Amaranthaceae	Kimnagejir (OS 41/05)	Cyanthula uncinulata (Schrad.) Hams	‘kasogutiet’	Herb	Roots	Chewing
Acanthaceae	Tegeldet (OS 42/05)	Acanthus eminens C.B.CIarke	Spleen, liver, alimentary canal	Shrub	Roots, leaves	Boiling, Roasting
Acanthaceae	Tegeltaptum (OS 53/05)	Acanthus pubescens Engl. Turrill	Mental disturbance	Shrub	Roots	Chewing
Acanthaceae	Chebundamu (OS 57/05)	Thunbergia alata Sims	Boils	Herb	Leaves	Pounding
Aloeaceae	Rodipchepkukwa (OS 101/05)	Aloe elgonica Bullock	Malaria, ulcers, urinary tract	Herb	Roots leaves	Boiling Pounding
Anacardiaceae	Siruetapsoi (OS 72/05)	Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss	Delivery, toothbrush, concoctions.	Tree	Roots	Boiling
Apiaceae	Mobchabelyo (OS 51/05)	Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst	Skin, partial blindness	Tree	Bark, leaves	Grinding, Roasting, Soaking.
Apiaceae	Mitiviazi (OS 67/05)	Heteromorpha trifoliata Eckl. & Zeyh.	Ulcers	Tree	Root	Boiling
Apiaceae	Korkopsarmoi (OS 78/05)	Agrocharis incognita (C.Norman) V.H.Heywood & Jury	Pneumonia.	Herb	Roots	Boiling
Apocynaceae	Legetetwet (OS 63/05)	Carissa edulis Vahl	Measles, Urinary tract, STI's	Shrub	Roots	Boiling
Araliaceae	Kwelet (OS 13/05)	Schefflera volkensii (Engl) Hams	Whooping cough, swollen bodies.	Tree	Sap	-
Aspiadiaceae	Kuptoret (OS 61/05)	Pteridium aquilinium L.	Stomach, worms.	Herb	Whole	Pounding, Boiling, chewing.
Asteraceae	Sisimwet (OS 15/05)	Artemisia afra Jacq	Malaria	Shrub	Leaves	Boiling
Asteraceae	Tabongwe't (OS 44/06)	Vernonia auriculifera Hiern	Labor, afterbirth, malaria, pain in male private parts	Shrub	Bark, root.	Boiling
Asteraceae	Kiben (OS 17/05)	Acmella calirhiza Del	Toothache, afterbirth.	Herb	Whole	Chewing
Asteraceae	Saruryandet (OS 18/05)	Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq	Headache	Herb	Root	Pounding
Asteraceae	Ngwekwe (OS 107/05)	Tagetes minuta L	Colds	Herb	Leaves	Chewing
Asteraceae	Sobitiet (OS 20/05)	Solanecio mannii (Hook.f.) C. Jeffrey	‘Alumgule’ (Heartburn).	Tree/shrub	Leaves	Burning
Asteraceae	Metitapsorin (OS 65/05)	Echinops angustilobus S.Moore	STI's	Herb	Root	Boiling
Basellaceae	Nderemet (OS 22/05)	Basella alba L.	Breathing difficulty	Herb	Leaves	Pounding
Balsaminaceae	Chemakalbayi (OS 23/05)	Impatiens tinctoria A.Rich	Fertility	Herb	Roots	Boiling
Bignoniaceae	Sinendet (OS 89/05)	Markhamia lutea (Benth) Schumm	Cataract	Tree	Leaves	Chewing
Bignoniaceae	Rotiandet (OS 25/05)	Spathodea companulata P. Beauv.	Chest, backache, sirunda STI's	Tree	Bark	Boiling
Bignoniaceae	Kapteritet (OS 35/05)	Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.	Ingredient of a concoction	Tree	Roots Leaves bark	Boiling
Boraginaceae	Mugengeret (OS 55/05)	Cordia africana Lam	Cover broken limb	Tree	Bark	-
Capparaceae	Sakiandet (OS 28/05)	Cleome gynandra (L.) Briq.	After birth	Herb	Root	Chewing
Capparaceae	Chepkatait (OS 59/05)	Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson	Breathing, chest, malaria, STI	Shrub	Roots	Boling
Canellaceae	Sakwondet (OS 30/05)	Warbugia ugandensis Sprague	Chest, pneumonia Headache	Tree	Bark	Grinding
Celastraceae	Chemgangoi (OS 103/05)	Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl.	Skin, TB.	Shrub	Bark Roots	Boiling
Crassulaceae	Kuserwen (OS 32/05)	Kalanchoe mitejea Leblanc & Hamet	Poultice	Herb	Leaves	Poultice
Cucurbitaceae	Laikaandet (OS 94/05)	Momodica foetida Schumach	Malaria	Herb	Roots	Roasting Boiling
Cucurbitaceae	Msebebit (OS 34/05)	Cucurbita pepo L.	Afterbirth, worms.	Herb	Roots Seeds	Chewing
Cuppressaceae	Keterwet (OS 26/05)	Juniperus procera Endl	Wound, breathing difficulty.	Tree	Root Berries	Pounding Chewing
Ebenaceae	Cheptuyet (OS 99/05)	Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F.White subsp. abyssinica	Laxative, malaria, Ringworms, skin rashes, internal injuries.	Tree	Bark	Boiling
Ebenaceae	Shendut (OS 37/05)	Euclea divinorum Hiern	Snakebite	Tree	Leaves	Soaking Pounding
Euphorbiaceae	(OS 84/05)	Jatropha velutina Pax & K.Hoffm.	Wounds	Shrub	Leaves	Pounding
Euphorbiaceae	Lambachwet (OS 84/05)	Bridelia micrantha (Horchst.) Baill.	Skin	Tree	Bark	Boiling Soaking
Euphorbiaceae	Tabaswet (OS 40/05)	Croton macrostachyus Del.	Ringworms, dysmenorrhea, diarrhea, fever in cows	Tree	Sap Leaves Bark	Pounding Boiling
Euphorbiaceae	Manuet (OS 3/05)	Ricinus communis L	Laxative	Shrub	Roots	Boiling
Euphorbiaceae	Kureshiet (OS 4/05)	Euphorbia candelabrum Kotschy	STI's	Tree	Roots	Boiling
Euphorbiaceae	Sinendet (OS 43/05)	Periploca linearifolia Dill. & A. Rich	STI's, intermittent headache, initiation	Herb	Roots Leaves	Boiling
Euphorbiaceae	Chepkioson (OS 16/05)	Clutia robusta Pax	Digestion	Shrub	Roots	Boiling
Euphorbiaceae	Cheblelechandet (OS 45/05)	Acalypha stuhlmannii Pax	Skin.	Herb	Leaves	Chewing
Flacourticaceae	Chabayuet (OS 46/05)	Casaeria buttiscombei R.E. Fries	Stomachache	Tree	Bark	Chewing Boiling
Flacourticaceae	Kipkerelong (OS 87/05)	Trimeria grandifolia (Horchst.) Warb	Heart burns	Shrub	Leaves	Roasting
Flacourticaceae	Tungururwet (OS 48/05)	Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.	Dysmenorrhea, STI's	Shrub	Bark Roots	Boiling
Fabaceae	Senetwet (OS 80/05)	Senna didymobotrya (Fresen) Irwin & Barneby	Malaria, skin, fever, typhoid, STI's	Shrub	Roots Leaves Bark	Boiling
Fabaceae	Msiembut (OS 50/05)	Entada abyssinica A.Rich	Diarrhea	Tree	Bark	Boiling
Fabaceae	Chebutiandet (OS 9/05)	Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach) Milne-Redh	Asthma, TB	Tree	Leaves	Roasting
Fabaceae	Chebugaa (OS 52/05)	Dolichos compressus Wilczec	Fertility	Herb	Roots	Boiling
Fabaceae	Kisisitiet (OS 5/05)	Indigofera arrecta A.Rich	Malaria, abortion, pain in urination	Herb	Roots	Chewing, boiling.
Fabaceae	Kimesayet (OS 54/05)	Mucuna gigantea (Willd) D.C	Coughs	Herb	Leaves	Burning
Fabaceae	Kaimetiet (OS 27/05)	Acacia lahai Benth	Skin eruptions	Tree	Bark	Boiling
Fabaceae	Kakorwet (OS 56/05)	Erythrina abyssinica DC.	Mouth, laxative, internal injuries.	Tree	Bark Roots	Grinding Boiling
Fabaceae	Ketitaparamte (OS 6/05)	Aeschynomene abyssinica (A.Rich) Vatke	‘Kasogutiet’ / heart burn	Shrub	Bark	Chewing
Hypocreaceae	Cheptegandet (OS 58/05)	Engleromyces goetzi P. Hiern	Purgative	Fungus	Whole	Boiling
Lamiaceae	Anguriet (OS 29/05)	Plectranthus comosus Sims	Stomach upsets, swollen legs	Herb	Leaves	Pounding,
Lamiaceae	Ketitabroronik (OS 60/05)	Leucas grandis Vatke	Wound	Herb	Whole	Burning
Lamiaceae	Moetiet (OS 14/05)	Leucas calostachys Oliv	Colds, headache	Herb	Leaves	Pounding
Liliaceae	Kapchaut (OS 62/05)	Asparagus racemosus Willd	Labour, scrotum, kidney	Shrub	Roots	Boiling Roasting
Loranthaceae	Mondoiwet (OS 12/05)	Phragmanthera usuiensis (Oliv) M.Gilbert	Paralysis, stroke, gout, stomache cancer.	Shrub	Bark	Pounding Boiling
Loganiaceae	Chorwet (OS 64/05)	Buddleia polystachya Fres	Fertility	Shrub/tree	Roots	Boiling
Malvaceae	Kupchuwet (OS 21/05)	Sida cuneifolia Roxb	Sore throat	Herb	Roots	Chewing
Malvaceae	Mtishiet (OS 66/05)	Urena lobata L.	Afterbirth, easen delivery	Shrub	Roots	Boiling Chewing
Meliaceae	Mwarubaine (OS 10/05)	Melia azedarach L.	Concoctions (any disease)	Tree	Roots Bark Leaves	Boiling
Meliaceae	Kibumetet (OS 68/05)	Ekerbegia capensis Sparrm	Backache, chest, diarrhea (cow)	Tree	Bark	Pounding Boiling
Melianthaceae	Kipsigriet (OS 1/05)	Bersama abyssinica Fressen	Stomachache, pneumonia, TB, malaria	Tree	Leaves Seeds	Chewing Boiling
Menispermaceae	Tingwet	Cissampelos	Hypertension	Herb	Root	Boiling
	(OS 70/05)	mucronata A. Rich	Abortifacient
Mimosaceae	Seyet (OS 71/05)	Albizia grandibracteata Taub	Headache, stomachache	Tree	Roots	Boiling
Mimosaceae	Seswet (OS 8/05)	Albizia glaberrima (Schum. & Thonn.) Benth.	Headache, stomachache	Tree	Leaves	Pounding Soaking Boiling
Moraceae	Mogoiwet (OS 2/05)	Ficus sur Forssk	Diarrhea, vomiting	Tree	Bark	Pounding Boiling
Musaceae	Sasurwet (OS 74/05)	Ensete ventricasum (Welw.) Cheesman	Rheumatism	Herb	Stem	Roasting Grinding
Myricaceae	Sagatetit (OS 75/05)	Myrica salicifolia A.Rich	Urinary tract	Shrub	Roots	Boiling
Myrtaceae	Lamaywet (OS 97/05)	Syzigium cordatum Krauss	Diarrhea	Tree	Root Bark	Boiling
Myrsinaceae	Sitotwet (OS 77/05)	Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez	Stomachache	Tree	Bark	Boiling
Myrsinaceae	Kabortit (OS 11/05)	Maesa lanceolata Forssk	Heartburn	Shrub	Leaves	Burning
Oleaceae	Pekeriondet (OS 79/05)	Olea capensis L.	Cough, TB, difficulty in breathing, malaria.	Tree	Bark	Boiling Soaking
Oleaceae	Korshiondet (OS 49/05)	Olea europea L. ssp africana (Mill)	Stomach rumbles	Tree	Roots	Boiling
Oleaceae	Kisagamng'ok (OS 92/05)	Jasminum floribunda R.Br.	Laxative, stomachache, malaria.	Herb	Roots	Soaking Boiling
Olinaceae	Kaptolongit (OS 82/05)	Olinia rochetiana Juss	Chest, TB, Pneumonia	Tree	Root Bark Leaves	Chewing Boling
Phytolacaceae	Kupsogotit (OS 83/05)	Phytolacca dodecandra L. Hiern	Fracture, anti-venom	Shrub	Leaves Fruit	Burning Chewing
Pittosporaceae	Chemroriandet (OS 39/05)	Pittosporum vividiflorum Sims ssp vividiflorum	Urinary tract	Tree	Roots	Boiling
Podocarpaceae	Kipsabitet (OS 85/05)	Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb) R.Br. ex Mirb	Cleanse womb, afterbirth	Tree	Roots	Boiling
Rhamnaceae	Matabiet (OS 86/05)	Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst ex A. Rich	Burns.	Shrub	Bark	Pounding
Rosaceae	Arumotit (OS 47/05)	Prunus africana (Hook.f) Kalkm	Urinary tract	Tree	Bark Root	Boiling
Rosaceae	Tagamamwet (OS 88/05)	Rubus keniensis L.	STI, afterbirth	Shrub	Root	Boiling
Rutaceae	Kwiriondet (OS 24/05)	Teclea nobilis Del.	Stomachache, labour.	Shrub	Roots	Boiling
Rutaceae	Simborichet (OS 105/05)	Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.	Stomachache, cough, TB, urinary tract.	Shrub	Roots	Boiling Soaking
Rutaceae	Chesamishiet (OS 91/05)	Clausina anisata (Willd) Benth	Stroke, malaria, ‘Portabarak’	Shrub	Roots Leaves	Boiling
Rubiaceae	Kipsong'ortot (OS 91/05)	Rubia cordifolia L.	Cough, whooping cough.	Herb	Leaves	Burning
Rubiaceae	Kipseret (OS 93/05)	Rentas longiflora Oliv	Laxative, skin, malaria	Herb	Roots Leaves	Laxative Skin
Rubiaceae	Taburwet (OS 33/05)	Vangueria apiculata K.Schum	Part of concoctions.	Shrub	Roots Leaves	Boiling
Sapindaceae	Bionwet (OS 106/05)	Allophyllus abyssinicus (Horchst) Radik.	Headache, heartache, backache.	Tree	Wood	-
Sapotaceae	Lulyondet (OS 96/05)	Aningeria adolfifriediricii (Engl.) Rob & Gilb	Backache	Tree	Roots Bark	Boiling
Solanaceae	Labotwet (OS 76/05)	Solanum incanum L.	Sharp abdominal pains, toothache, ear, ring worms.	Shrub	Root Fruit	Chewing
Solanaceae	Sigowet (OS 98/05)	Solanum micranthum Schltdl	STI's, backache, stomachache, snake-cat-or dog bite, wart, vitality.	Shrub	Root Fruit	Boiling Burning
Solanaceae	Tomotiet (OS 36/05)	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Persistent wound	Herb	Root	Boiling
Solanaceae	Ketipkiruk (OS 100/05)	Withania somnifera (L.) Dund	Urinary tract, rectum, STI, diarrhoea, toothache.	Shrub	Root	Boiling Soaking Pounding
Sterculiaceae	Porowetapko (OS 7/05)	Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmel) Bamps	STI's, sustain pregnancy.	Shrub	Roots	Boiling
Tiliaceae	Moabarwa (OS 102/05)	Grewia trichocarpa (Horchst)	Skin, malaria.	Shrub	Root	Boiling
Ulmaceae	Chebiliondet (OS 31/05)	Chaetacme aristata Planch	Malaria, ‘sirunda’.	Shrub	Root	Boiling
Urticaceae	Ilaila (OS 104/05)	Urtica dioica L.	Boils, worms.	Herb	Leaves Roots	Boiling
Verbanaceae	Bulgenwet (OS 90/05)	Vitex doniana Sweet	Diarrhea, vomiting.	Tree	Bark	Boiling
Verbanaceae	Mtoniet (OS 95/05)	Clerodendrum myricoides (Horchst) Vatke	All diseases	Shrub	Roots Bark	Boiling
Verbanaceae	Pakapmasewe (OS 19/05)	Lantana trifolia L.	Coughs.	Shrub	Leaves	Burning

Majority of the reported species were wild (85.98 %) whereas some (11.21%) were both wild and cultivated, and the rest (2.8%) were reported as cultivated. Of the reported species (39.25%) were trees followed by shrubs (35.54%) and then herbs (29.9%) (Table 1).

Discussions and conclusions

The medicinal use of plants leaves and roots in the management and treatment of diseases has been an age long practice (Sofowara, 1982). Plant derived medicines are widely used because they are relatively safer than the synthetic alternatives, they are easily available and cheaper (Iwu et al., 1999).

Plants in the study area were mainly collected in the morning because in most cases the plants were obtained from far distances, secondly early in the morning snakes could not be encountered due to low temperatures and thirdly they only worked when they were collected in the morning (Okello, 2007). Patients were only referred to hospitals incases where a midwife detected that the head of the child was bigger than the birth canal. Conventional medicine is not used in conjunction with the herbal remedies since they are incompatible (Okello, 2007). However the scientific principle behind this should be investigated.

Roots were the mostly used plant part since these normally have a high partitioning for the photosynthates or exudates (Balick and Cox, 1996) which act as toxins for protection against devourers and most of these are of medicinal value to the human body. This is also the reason for using the bark. The use of roots is dangerous to the existence of individual plants as compared to the leaves or branches (Poffenberger et al., 1992). The utilization of the roots calls for conservation measures on the medicinal plants since the use of roots do not allow for sustainable utilization as the plants in question are depleted by continual use.

Plant remedies were prepared mostly as infusions or decoctions. Infusions were prepared on delicate parts of the plants, that is, leaves, flowers and stem buds. The advantage with this method is that many active principles are extracted with almost no alteration of their chemical structure thus preserving almost all their properties (George and Pamplona, 2000). Decoctions on the other hand were used to prepare herbal teas from the hard parts of the plants (root, rhizome, seeds and stem barks). It was observed that some plants were prepared using more than one method and in some cases more than one plant part was used (Table 1).

Prescriptions of remedies were distinctive to all the practitioners interviewed. Non-the-less, as noted in a similar line of study by Omino and Kokwaro (1993) as well as Kisangau (1999), inconsistency of dosage of medicaments was a marked feature. But generally, ½ or 1 glass full of the prepared drug was taken 2–3 times a day depending on the nature of complication of the ailment and efficacy of the drug.

The use of Agave sisalana and pound leaves/bark of Ziziphus abyssinica to treat burns is due to the ability of the plant to accelerate skin regeneration in the burnt area (Okello, 2007). Poultices on the other hand are used to ease nerve and muscle pains, sprains or fractured bones. The use of H. trifoliata in treating ulcers concurs with the findings of Osim et al., (1999) who found out that H. trifoliata accelerates the healing of acetic acid induced peptic ulcer in rats. This may validate the use of this plant in the treatment of peptic ulcers in human.

Several sesquiterpene lactones, including some with a peroxide substructure have been isolated from the aerial parts of A. afra (Jakupovic et al., 1988). These may well be responsible for the antimalarial effect of this species, even though no parasitological evaluation is available. Also, other non-volatile compounds (triterpenes, Silbernagel et al., 1990) and the essential oil (Moody et al., 1994) of this species have been studied.

Investigations on the plant parts used and the mode of preparation and administration indicated that irrespective of the plant part(s) or combinations used, water was the main medium for all the medicinal preparations. In addition to pure herbal preparations, in some cases the drug was administered along with milk, honey, strong tea, oil from sheep and beer. These supplement ingredients may be used to enhance the effect of the herbal preparations or are simply used to make the preparations palatable. However, the exact role of these materials in curing the diseases is not clearly known, as a systematic investigation on the characterization of the active ingredients has not been done. The current study has revealed four medicinal plant species whose medicinal use is undocumented and may be new records for treating various ailments. These are: Dolichos compressus Wilczec, Agrocharis incognita (Norman) Heyw and Jury, Engleromyces goetzi P.Henn and Echinops Angustilobolus S. Moore.

Medicinal plants used in local health traditions are gradually becoming extinct due to over utilization, population explosion and for other anthropogenic reasons. In order to reverse this trend, domestication of wild medicinal plants is of utmost importance. This would augment the income of rural people and in turn help in the conservation of species. In the study area most of the plants used were trees yet only three of the practitioners interviewed practice ex-situ conservation of the medicinal plants in their homes. The rest said there was no need as God provided the plants and at no time can they be completely depleted in the forest. It is, therefore, important that organizations in this division concerned with conservation of plants co-work with them, and provide extension services pertaining to propagation and sustainable harvesting of medicinal plants.

It was evident from the interviews conducted that knowledge of medicinal plants used by the people of Kopsiro division seems to be well known to the culture and tradition of the Sabaots. With the changes in lifestyle and increasing population, it is feared that ethnobotanical knowledge might get considerably limited or disappear in the foreseeable future. This is more evident since this knowledge is still mostly taught orally without written records. An illustrated identification guide for Sabaot plant use, best produced in Sabaot or Swahili is long overdue.

The global demand for herbal medicine is growing (Omino and Kokwaro, 1993; Muregi et al., 2003), while plant species in traditional medicines continue to be reliable sources for discovery of useful compounds screening plants growing under various environmental conditions could provide another source for compounds with antimicrobial activities (Njoroge and Newton 1994; Muregi et al 2003). Since the efficacy of these medicinal plants has not been tested, pharmaceutical companies in Kenya are encouraged to explore this area (Kopsiro) for this is a region with plants having the potential to generate novel metabolites.

This study has revealed that medicinal plants still play a vital role in the provision of primary healthcare for the people in this division. The government of Kenya should work out ways of integrating this to the hospitals and provide the necessary infrastructure in this region for proper practicing of Sabaot medicine. This may contribute to the local economic development.