Table 1.

Intermediate outcomes and diabetic complications by race/ethnicity

	Haitians	African Americans	P*	aOR (95% CI)†‡	Non-Hispanic whites	P§	aOR (95% CI)‖‡
n	715	1,472			466
Intermediate outcome measures
A1C >9% (%)	24	18	0.003	1.43 (1.04–2.00)	15	0.0002	1.67 (1.11–2.50)
LDL ≥100 mg/dl (%)	29	30	0.61	1.08 (0.80–1.45)	19	<0.0001	1.85 (1.28–2.63)
BP ≥140/80 mmHg (%)¶	51	45	0.01	1.07 (0.81–1.43)	33	<0.0001	1.85 (1.30–2.50)
Diabetic complications
Macrovascular#	20	38	<0.0001	0.35 (0.23–0.55)	42	<0.0001	0.32 (0.20–0.50)
Microvascular**	46	59	<0.0001	0.56 (0.41–0.76)	61	<0.0001	0.55 (0.39–0.79)

*P value for Haitians versus African Americans.

†Adjusted odds ratio for Haitians versus African Americans.

‡Odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, language (English speaking/non-English speaking), and insurance type (Medicaid or Free Care, Medicare, private, and other insurance), number of primary care visits over 2 years, and having at least one endocrinologist visit over 2 years. Models for complications are additionally adjusted for BMI, diagnosis of hypertension, and ever having smoked.

§P value for Haitians versus non-Hispanic whites.

‖Adjusted odds ratio for Haitians versus non-Hispanic whites.

¶This quality measure selected on the basis of clinical trials, which show a reduction in coronary heart disease events, stroke, and nephropathy with blood pressure <140/80 mmHg (9).

#Macrovascular complications include coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and lower extremity ulcers.

**Microvascular complications include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BP, blood pressure.