Table 1.
Parallels between Findings in Psychopathic Individuals and L-Homozygotes
| Psychopathic individuals relative to controls | Study | L-homozygotes relative to s-carriers | Study | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brain level | ||||
| Amygdala responsivity to negative stimuli | Reduced |
Kiehl et al. (2001) Glenn et al. (2009) Birbaumer et al. (2005) |
Reduced |
Hariri et al. (2002) Heinz et al. (2005) |
| Connectivity between amygdala and VMPFC | Reduced |
Marsh et al. (2008) Craig et al. (2009) |
Reduced |
Heinz et al. (2005) Pezawas et al. (2005) |
| Error processing in the prefrontal cortex | Reduced error-related negativity Reduced positive ERP amplitude (Pe) |
Von Borries et al. (in press) Brazil et al. (2009) |
Reduced error-related negativity Trend toward reduced positive ERP amplitude (Pe) |
Fallgatter et al. (2004) Fallgatter et al. (2004) |
|
Psychophysiology | ||||
| Heart rate (resting) | Reduced | Hansen et al. (2007) | Reduced | Crisan et al. (2009) |
| Heart rate variability | Increased | Hansen et al. (2007) | Increased | Crisan et al. (2009) |
| Fear potentiated startle | Reduced |
Flor et al. (2002) Others reviewed in Patrick (1994) |
Reduced |
Brocke et al. (2006) Lonsdorf et al. (2009) |
| Reduced skin conductance responding during fear conditioning | Reduced | Flor et al. (2002) | Reduced | Garpenstrand et al. (2001) |
|
Hormones & Neurotransmitters | ||||
| Cortisol response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) | Reduced |
O’Leary, Loney & Eckel (2007) O’Leary, Taylor & Eckel (in press) |
Reduced |
Gotlib et al. (2008) Alexander et al. (2009) Way & Taylor (2010) |
| Central serotonin functioning (fenfluramine challenge) | Elevated | Dolan & Anderson (2003) | Elevated | Reist et al. (2001) |
|
Neuropsychology | ||||
| Attention to negative stimuli in the periphery | Reduced |
Glass & Newman (2009) Newman et al. (2009) |
Reduced |
Beevers et al. (2007) Osinsky et al. (2008) Fox et al. (2009) |
| Passive avoidance learning | Poor |
Newman & Kosson (1986) Blair et al. (2004) |
Poor | Finger et al. (2007) |
| Risk taking (Balloon Analog Risk Task; BART) | Increased risk-taking | Hunt, Hopko & Bare (2005) | Increased risk-taking | Crisan et al. (2009) |
| Decisions based on reward and punishment | Poor | Blair et al. (2006) | Poor | Roiser et al. (2006) |