TABLE 5.
Risk factors for the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)
| Individual risk factors | Author (reference), year |
|---|---|
| Risk factors present at the time of acute pulmonary embolism diagnosis | |
| Younger age | Pengo et al (22), 2004; Becattini et al (24), 2006 |
| Previous pulmonary embolism | Pengo et al (22), 2004 |
| Idiopathic pulmonary embolism (absence of either transient or permanent risk factors*) | Pengo et al (22), 2004 |
| Large perfusion defects | Pengo et al (22), 2004; Becattini et al (24), 2006 |
| Recurrent pulmonary embolism | Pengo et al (22), 2004 |
| Risks factors observed at the time of CTEPH diagnosis | |
| Demographic | |
| Female sex in Japanese population | Tanabe et al (48), 2005; Nakamura et al (47), 2002 |
| Non-O blood group | Bonderman et al (32), 2009 |
| Thrombophilias | |
| Antiphospholipid antibodies | Bonderman et al (32), 2009; Wolf et al (46), 2000; Tanabe et al (48), 2005; Nakamura et al (47), 2002; Colorio et al (52), 2001; Bonderman et al (67), 2007; Jais et al (55), 2005, Martinuzzo et al (56), 1998 |
| Factor V Leiden mutation† | Lang et al (50), 1996, Wolf et al (46), 2000 |
| Hemoglobin abnormalities | Bonderman et al (32), 2009; Bonderman et al (72), 2005 |
| Increased factor VIII level | Wong et al (51), 2010; Bonderman et al (54), 2003 |
| Increased plasma lipoprotein (a) level | Ignatescu et al (59), 1998 |
| Disease associations | |
| Splenectomy | Condliffe et al (31), 2009; Bonderman et al (32), 2009; Suntharalingam et al (45), 2007; Bonderman et al (67), 2007; Jais et al (55), 2005; Jais et al (68), 2003; Chou et al (69), 2001; Cappellini et al (70), 2000; Stewart et al (71), 1996; Bonderman et al (72), 2005 |
| Ventriculoatrial shunt | Bonderman et al (32), 2009; Bonderman et al (72), 2005 |
| Thyroid replacement therapy | Bonderman et al (32), 2009 |
| Inflammatory disorder (eg, osteomyelitis, inflammatory bowel disease) | Bonderman et al (72), 2005 |
*
Permanent risk factor defined as constitutive thrombophilia (deficiency of antithrombin, protein C or protein S; mutation in factor V Leiden or prothrombin gene; and the presence of lupus anticoagulants), active cancer, immobilization from chronic medical illness, or two or more first-degree relatives with venous thromboembolism.