Fig. 12.

Representative Ca²⁺ sparks in the minimal whole cell model under the four different steady-state conditions shown in Table 1. A and B: stochastic Ca²⁺-release events in the whole cell model with standard parameters (A) and modified Ca²⁺ activation rate constant k_co, which represents the application of tetracaine and led to an increase in RyR open time (B). When the same level of RyR inhibition was modeled as a decrease in open dwell time, as may occur upon the application of flecainide (τ_O↓; C), or a dual mechanism (τ_C↑ and τ_O↓; D), the mean spark duration changed.