Temperature effects on femur length in wheel-running and non-wheel-running mice housed at warm (25°C) and cold (16°C) temperatures. Cold housing without an exercise wheel decreased bone length, but wheel exercise increased limb length at both temperatures. All long bone lengths measured from digital images were, in general, as follows: WW ≈ CW > WN > CN, where WW is warm wheel, CW is cold wheel, WN is warm no wheel, and CN is cold no wheel. Scale bar, 1 mm.