Table 1.
Biomarkers for cell injury and organ dysfunction in control and heat-stressed animals
| Variable | Baseline | T + 3 h | T + 18 h | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Moderate | Severe | Control | Moderate | Severe | Control | Moderate | Severe | ||
| Urea (mM) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (3–3) | 4 (4–5) | 6 (6–7) | 3 (3–3) | 5 (5–6) | 9 (8–10) | 0.0015 |
| Creatinine (µM) | 54 (49–59) | 54 (48–73) | 55 (46–57) | 55 (49–60) | 102 (93–119) | 135 (120–148) | 58 (51–64) | 99 (86–111) | 133 (106–186) | 0.0002 |
| CK (U/L) | 640 (619–798) | 304 (284–722) | 553 (352–673) | 1,413 (1,225–1,601) | 973 (679–2,191) | 1,951 (1,122–2,161) | 1,288 (1,091–1,484) | 3,674 (3,050–4,297) | 6,126 (4,045–6,562) | <0.0001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 18 (15–20) | 14 (10–20) | 23 (18–29) | 20 (15–24) | 21 (18–25) | 47 (35–61) | 26 (25–26) | 32 (30–33) | 107 (86–133) | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/L) | 25 (17–28) | 28 (20–29) | 28 (25–33) | 27 (24–29) | 44 (43–59) | 169 (111–219) | 37 (32–41) | 86 (76–95) | 280 (260–390) | <0.0001 |
| Troponin (µg/L) | 0.01 (0.01–0.01) | NA | 0.01 0.01–0.01) | 0.01 (0.01–0.01) | NA | 1.07 (0.70–5.45) | 0.01 (0.01–0.01) | NA | 0.13 (0.05–0.43) | 0.0042 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 442 (397–558) | 426 (414–533) | 503 (487–529) | 478 (406–554) | 462 (360–505) | 254 (201–356) | 466 (397–574) | 379 (266–452) | 134 (96–174) | 0.0008 |
| d-dimer (µg/ml) | 124 (99–178) | 118 (87–505) | 167 (123–198) | 114 (96–161) | 405 (341–707) | 755 (400–10827) | 135 (107––195) | 603 (272–939) | 685 (582–1,516) | 0.0005 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 0.90 (0.90–1.80) | 1.20 (1.10–1.20) | 1.05 (1.00–1.15) | 1.30 (1.10–1.50) | 1.10 (0.85–1.45) | 1.15 (1.05–1.35) | 1.30 (1.20–1.80) | 1.40 (1.00–1.60) | 0.4298 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 119 (114–128) | 127 (117–137) | 126 (121–129) | 117 (113–125) | 145 (124–156) | 137 (133–139) | 109 (106–121) | 126 (121–144) | 137 (133–139) | 0.0943 |
Values represent median±interquartile (IQR) changes in blood urea, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), aspartic aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), troponin, platelet, d-dimer, and hemoglobin. Friedman test was used to compare the difference between the three groups overtime (three sham-heated control, three moderate, and nine severe heatstroke). Data were considered significant at P < 0.05