Figure 5. Knockdown of TXNL2 increases intra­cellular ROS.

(A) ROS levels were measured using DCFH-DA staining, followed by flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was measured using Annexin V/PI double staining, followed by flow cytometry. (B) Intracellular ROS and cell apoptosis were measured in control and TXNL2-KD cells after treatment with H₂O₂ or diamide. Fold increases of ROS and apoptotic rate (TXNL2-KD/control) are plotted. (C) BSO-induced apoptosis in control MDA-MB-231 cells was measured using Annexin V/PI staining, and apoptotic rates are plotted. Images show cell morphologies without and with BSO treatment. (D) Cell apoptosis was measured using Annexin V/PI staining in TXNL2-KD MDA-MB-231 cells treated with or without NAC for 48 hours. Morphologies of TXNL2-KD cells treated with or without NAC are shown. Scale bar: 50 μm.