Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and biomechanical descriptions
| S3 Able | S3 Unable | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 444 (61.3) | 280 (38.7) | |
| Age (years) | 77.38 (5.05) | 78.8 (5.66) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 261 (58.8) | 199 (71.0) | <0.001* |
| Non-white race | 104 (37.55) | 54 (12.16) | <0.001* |
| <HS education | 17 (3.83) | 60 (21.66) | <0.001* |
| Daily alcohol use | 78 (17.6) | 20 (7.1) | <0.001* |
| Vision ≤20/50 | 29 (6.67) | 22 (8.09) | 0.55* |
| MMSE | 28.9 (1.82) | 25.39 (2.83) | <0.001 |
| TMT-A | 48.73 (23.37) | 68.6 (43.46) | <0.001 |
| TMT-B | 113.89 (58.98) | 191.36 (83.02) | <0.001 |
| CES-D-R | 49.94 (9.69) | 51.56 (10.19) | 0.033 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.01 (0.25) | 0.885 (0.234) | <0.001 |
| Urinary Incontinence | 181 (40.71) | 111 (39.6) | 0.94* |
| Sensory loss in feet | 42 (13.9) | 40 (14.3) | 0.068* |
| Fall history | 178 (40.1) | 91 (32.5) | 0.048* |
| Activities of daily Living: | |||
| No difficulty | 373 (84.0) | 201 (72.6) | <0.001** |
| Some difficulty | 52 (11.7) | 50 (17.9) | |
| Lots of difficulty | 19 (4.3) | 27 (9.8) | |
| Height, m | 1.65 (0.10) | 1.62 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 74.2 (15.15) | 72.73 (16.09) | 0.22 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.25 (4.87) | 27.78 (5.48) | 0.19 |
| Ia − AP, kg-m2 | 72.67 (21.11) | 68.25 (20.12) | 0.006 |
| Ia − ML | 73.47 (21.34) | 69.00 (20.34) | 0.006 |
| Leg Strength, N | 300.57 (125.15) | 270.83 (112.45) | 0.007 |
| n = 354 | n = 187 |
Mean (SD) or N (% of each S3 group) Vision: using Snellen chart score; MMSE, Folstein Mini-mental status exam score; TMT-A, time to complete Trailmaking Test Part A, test of information processing speed; TMT-B, time to complete Trailmaking Test Part B, test of executive function; CES-D-R, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, Hopkins revision; BMI, body mass index; Ia, moment of inertia of the body about the ankle; Leg press strength from 1 RM (maximum repetition) trial;
*
using Fischer's exact test;
**
using Mantel-Haenszel χ2 test.