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Carnosine protection against methylglyoxal toxicity. (A) Cultures were inoculated at ∼106 CFU/ml and then grown overnight (18 to 22 h) in the presence or absence of methylglyoxal (MG, 2.1 mM) and/or carnosine (Car) at the given concentrations. (B) Comparison of wild-type strains with glyoxylase mutants. Growth yield data are shown with the concentration of carnosine indicated from 0 to 20 mM. Asterisks indicate cell titers that were below the limit of detection (103 CFU/ml).
