Table 3.
Relationships between media exposure and outcomes
| Media exposurea | Total sample (N = 1,211) | Ever used marijuana (N = 321) |
Ever used alcohol (N = 713) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | OR unadjusted (95% CI) | OR unadjusted (95% CI)b | OR unadjusted N (%) | OR adjusted (95% CI) | (95% CI)c | |
| Electronic media exposure Television | |||||||
| 0–1 | 162 (13.8) | 42 (13.1) | 1 | 1 | 92 (13.0) | 1 | 1 |
| >1–2 | 397 (33.8) | 105 (32.8) | 1.03 (0.68, 1.56) | 0.82 (0.49, 1.38) | 247 (34.9) | 1.24 (0.85, 1.79) | 1.04 (0.66, 1.62) |
| >2–3 | 304 (25.9) | 91 (28.4) | 1.22 (0.80, 1.87) | 0.96 (0.57, 1.64) | 190 (26.8) | 1.29 (0.87, 1.90) | 1.05 (0.66, 1.67) |
| >3–4 | 164 (14.0) | 41 (12.8) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.57) | 0.67 (0.36, 1.25) | 96 (13.9) | 1.09 (0.70, 1.69) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.53) |
| >4 | 149 (12.7) | 41 (12.8) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.79) | 0.61 (0.32, 1.16) | 83 (11.7) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.47) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.97)* |
| Movies (# seen in last 2 weeks) | |||||||
| 0–2 | 223 (19.3) | 53 (16.9) | 1 | 1 | 107 (15.4) | 1 | 1 |
| >2–4 | 431 (37.4) | 113 (36.1) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.66) | 1.15 (0.73, 1.82) | 260 (37.5) | 1.67 (1.20, 2.31)* | 2.09 (1.28, 3.42)* |
| >4–6 | 251 (21.8) | 65 (20.8) | 1.12 (0.74, 1.70) | 1.04 (0.63, 1.72) | 160 (23.0) | 1.96 (1.36, 2.83)* | 2.77 (1.60, 4.77)* |
| >6 | 249 (21.9) | 82 (26.2) | 1.57 (1.05, 2.36)* | 1.20 (0.73, 1.97) | 167 (24.0) | 2.30 (1.58, 3.34)* | 3.17 (1.79, 5.61)* |
| Music | |||||||
| 0–1 | 225 (19.1) | 32 (10.0) | 1 | 1 | 107 (15.0) | 1 | 1 |
| >1–2 | 333 (28.2) | 69 (21.6) | 1.58 (1.00, 2.49)* | 1.45 (0.85, 2.49) | 181 (25.5) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.86) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.30) |
| >2–3 | 184 (15.6) | 49 (15.3) | 2.19 (1.33, 3.60)* | 1.70 (0.94, 3.07) | 115 (16.2) | 1.81 (1.22, 2.69)* | 1.14 (0.71, 1.83) |
| >3–4 | 137 (11.6) | 47 (14.7) | 3.15 (1.88, 5.27)* | 1.90 (1.01, 3.56)* | 96 (13.5) | 2.46 (1.58, 3.84)* | 1.42 (0.84, 2.42) |
| >4 | 300 (25.5) | 123 (38.4) | 4.19 (2.70, 6.50)* | 2.70 (1.57, 4.63)* | 211 (29.7) | 2.67 (1.86, 3.84)* | 1.19 (0.76, 1.87) |
| Internet | |||||||
| 0–1 | 290 (24.6) | 80 (24.9) | 1 | 1 | 159 (22.4) | 1 | 1 |
| >1–2 | 296 (25.1) | 82 (25.6) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.44) | 0.84 (0.54, 1.32) | 180 (25.4) | 1.30 (0.94, 1.81) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.74) |
| >2–3 | 193 (16.4) | 48 (15.0) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.32) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.11) | 119 (16.8) | 1.34 (0.92, 1.93) | 1.14 (0.73, 1.78) |
| >3–4 | 135 (11.4) | 36 (11.2) | 0.95 (0.60, 1.51) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.40) | 82 (11.6) | 1.31 (0.86, 1.99) | 0.99 (0.60, 1.63) |
| >4 | 266 (22.5) | 75 (23.4) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.10) | 169 (23.8) | 1.43 (1.02, 2.01)* | 1.03 (0.68, 1.54) |
| Video games | |||||||
| 0–0.5 | 531 (45.0) | 152 (47.5) | 1 | 1 | 333 (47.0) | 1 | 1 |
| >0.5–1 | 201 (17.0) | 53 (16.6) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) | 0.60 (0.38, 0.96)* | 131 (18.5) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.58) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.49) |
| >1–1.5 | 131 (11.1) | 30 (9.4) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.16) | 0.49 (0.28, 0.85)* | 72 (10.2) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.06) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.95)* |
| >1.5 | 318 (26.9) | 85 (26.6) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.24) | 0.56 (0.38, 0.83)* | 173 (24.4) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.97)* | 0.55 (0.36, 0.84)* |
| Total electronic media | |||||||
| 0–4 | 181 (16.0) | 29 (9.4) | 1 | 1 | 92 (13.45) | 1 | 1 |
| >4–8 | 445 (39.2) | 129 (41.6) | 2.13 (1.37, 3.35)* | 1.83 (1.06, 3.15)* | 270 (39.5) | 1.50 (1.06, 2.12)* | 1.17 (0.77, 1.77) |
| >8–12 | 268 (23.6) | 69 (22.3) | 1.82 (1.12, 2.94)* | 1.07 (0.59, 1.95) | 170 (24.9) | 1.73 (1.18, 2.54)* | 1.04 (0.65, 1.66) |
| >12–16 | 134 (11.8) | 43 (13.9) | 2.47 (1.45, 4.24)* | 1.27 (0.64, 2.50) | 83 (12.1) | 1.62 (1.03, 2.56)* | 0.82 (0.47, 1.44) |
| >16+ | 107 (9.4) | 40 (12.9) | 3.13 (1.79, 5.47)* | 1.38 (0.68, 2.79) | 69 (10.1) | 1.73 (1.06, 2.82)* | 0.82 (0.45, 1.49) |
| Non-electronic media exposure | |||||||
| Newspapers and magazines | |||||||
| 0–0.5 | 335 (28.4) | 106 (33.1) | 1 | 1 | 210 (29.6) | 1 | 1 |
| >0.5–1 | 579 (49.1) | 145 (45.3) | 0.72 (0.54, 0.97)* | 0.89 (0.62, 1.27) | 345 (48.6) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.38) |
| >1–1.5 | 165 (14.0) | 45 (14.1) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | 1.17 (0.72, 1.93) | 96 (13.5) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.25) | 0.93 (0.60, 1.46) |
| >1.5 | 101 (8.6) | 24 (7.5) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.12) | 0.56 (0.29, 1.07) | 59 (8.3) | 0.87 (0.55, 1.37) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.34) |
| Books | |||||||
| 0–0.5 | 611 (51.8) | 205 (64.1) | 1 | 1 | 415 (58.5) | 1 | 1 |
| >0.5–1 | 262 (22.2) | 50 (15.6) | 0.47 (0.33, 0.66)* | 0.67 (0.44, 1.02) | 150 (21.2) | 0.64 (0.48, 0.86)* | 0.83 (0.59, 1.18) |
| >1–1.5 | 142 (12.0) | 36 (11.3) | 0.67 (0.44, 1.02) | 0.79 (0.48, 1.30) | 73 (10.3) | 0.50 (0.35, 0.72)* | 0.46 (0.30, 0.71)* |
| >1.5 | 165 (14.0) | 29 (9.1) | 0.42 (0.27, 0.65)* | 0.53 (0.31, 0.89)* | 71 (10.1) | 0.36 (0.25, 0.51)* | 0.37 (0.24. 0.57)* |
| Total non-electronic media | |||||||
| 0–0.5 | 242 (20.7) | 91 (28.6) | 1 | 1 | 168 (23.8) | 1 | 1 |
| >0.5–1 | 346 (29.5) | 96 (30.2) | 0.64 (0.45, 0.90)* | 0.70 (0.47, 1.07) | 224 (31.8) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.60, 1.35) |
| >1–1.5 | 221 (18.9) | 50 (15.7) | 0.49 (0.32, 0.73)* | 0.86 (0.52, 1.41) | 132 (18.7) | 0.67 (0.46, 0.98)* | 0.94 (0.60, 1.49) |
| >1.5 | 363 (31.0) | 81 (25.5) | 0.48 (0.33, 0.68)* | 0.62 (0.40, 0.97)* | 181 (25.7) | 0.45 (0.32, 0.64)* | 0.49 (0.33, 0.74)* |
Note: N = number; OR = Odds ratio; CI = Confidence interval.
a
Measured in hours per day unless otherwise specified.
b
The trimmed multivariate model for marijuana was adjusted for age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, demanding parenting, responsive parenting, stress, sensation seeking, rebelliousness, depression, and school achievement.
c
The trimmed multivariate model for alcohol was adjusted for age, gender, sex, socioeconomic status, demanding parenting, responsive parenting, stress, sensation seeking, rebelliousness, depression, self-esteem, and school achievement.
*
p < .05.