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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Dec 10.
Published in final edited form as: DNA Repair (Amst). 2010 Oct 28;9(12):1299–1306. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.10.001

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The MRN complex acts as a sensor, signaler and effector to protect DNA ends and process DSBs. MRN senses DSBs and, in collaboration with CtIP, processes DNA ends before channeling into one of 3 distinct DNA repair pathways (HRR, MMEJ or NHEJ). ATM (red) is a negative regulator of MMEJ. MRN’s MMEJ and NHEJ functions are also important for immunological roles during V(D)J and class-switch recombination. In addition, MRN is found at the telomere where it interacts with TRF2 and is involved in telomere maintenance. MRN is also associated with the replication fork and functions to stabilize forks through it’s DNA bridging activity and is involved in replication restart pathways. MRN signals both DSBs, through ATM interactions, and collapsed replication forks, through ATR and RPA interactions. Red stars indicate DNA damage.