Polymer-mediated reversal of anticoagulant aptamer function. (a) APTT clotting time of normal human plasma in the presence of aptamer 9.3t (150 nM), with and without the addition of protamine or 11 different polymers (2.5 μg per 160 μl). PEI, polyethyleneimine; PAH, poly(allylamine hydrochloride); HDMBr, hexadimethrine bromide; SP, spermine; SMD, spermidine. (b–e) APTT clotting time of normal human plasma in the presence of aptamer 9.3t (150 nM) (b), aptamer 11F7T (c), aptamers 9.3t and 11F7 (d), aptamers R9D-14, 9D-6 and 7K-5 (e), with and without the addition of CDP. (f) Prothrombin time (PT) clotting time of normal human plasma in the presense of aptamer 7S-1 with and without the addition of CDP. The data are plotted as the means ± s.e.m. for three independent measurements.