Table 6.

Literature review of studies of lower limb lengthening using totally implantable lengthening nails

Study	Nail used	Lengthening procedures (number)	Lengthened bone	Insufficient bone regenerate	Treatment
Cole et al. [4], 2001	ISKD	20	Femoral (n = 6) Tibia (n = 14)	—
Hankemeier et al. [15], 2004	ISKD	4	Femoral (n = 3) Tibial (n = 1)	—
Kubiak et al. [19], 2007	ISKD	11	Femoral	—
Simpson et al. [26], 2009	ISKD	33	Femoral	3	Bone grafting
Baumgart et al. [2], 1997	Fitbone	12	Femoral	—
Singh et al. [27], 2006	Fitbone	24	Femoral (n = 13) Tibial (n = 11)	3 Tibial	Bone grafting + exchange nailing (n = 1) Bone grafting (n = 2)
Garcia-Cimbrelo et al. [8], 2002	Albizzia	24	Femoral	2	Exchange reamed nailing and bone grafting
Guichet et al. [12], 2003	Albizzia	41	Femoral	1 (slight defect in the anterolateral side)	Percutaneous bone grafting

ISKD = Intramedullary Skeletal Kinetic Distractor.