Table 3.
Gastric cancer risk and global hypomethylation by risk factors
Cases |
Controls |
Alu |
LINE-1 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | OR1 | 95% CI | OR1 | 95% CI | |
Age group2 | ||||||||
≤61 | 113 | 37.4 | 152 | 36.1 | 0.7 | 0.3–.3 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.4 |
62–69 | 99 | 32.8 | 139 | 33.0 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.1 | 1.8 | 0.9–3.7 |
≥70 | 90 | 29.8 | 130 | 30.9 | 2.6 | 1.3–5.5 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 200 | 66.2 | 272 | 64.6 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | 1.3 | 0.8–2.1 |
Female | 102 | 33.8 | 149 | 35.4 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.5 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.2 |
Education levels | ||||||||
≤High school | 143 | 47.3 | 156 | 37.1 | 1.5 | 0.8–2.8 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.7 |
Some college | 102 | 33.8 | 145 | 34.4 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.6 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.33 |
≥College | 57 | 18.9 | 120 | 28.5 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.5 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.8 |
Family history of gastric cancer3 | ||||||||
No | 177 | 61.0 | 276 | 66.7 | 1.3 | 0.8–2.2 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.4 |
Gastric cancer | 36 | 12.4 | 18 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 0.8–2.1 | 0.4 | 0.1–2.3 |
Other | 77 | 26.6 | 120 | 29.0 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.4 | 3.1 | 1.4–7.0 |
H. pylori infection status4 | ||||||||
Negative | 51 | 16.9 | 64 | 15.2 | 2.5 | 0.8–7.8 | 1.0 | 0.4–2.5 |
Positive | 251 | 83.1 | 356 | 84.8 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.6 | 1.3 | 0.8–2.0 |
Current alcohol drinking5 | ||||||||
No | 202 | 68.5 | 200 | 47.5 | 1.3 | 0.8–2.1 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.4 |
Current drinker | 93 | 31.5 | 221 | 52.5 | 1.0 | 0.6–2.0 | 1.9 | 1.0–3.6 |
Current smoking6 | ||||||||
No | 177 | 59.0 | 303 | 72.0 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.4 |
Yes | 123 | 41.0 | 118 | 28.0 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.6 | 2.3 | 1.1–4.6 |
Age smoking started | ||||||||
Never | 87 | 29.1 | 169 | 40.2 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.9 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.1 |
20–73 | 86 | 28.9 | 129 | 30.6 | 1.8 | 0.8–3.8 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.8 |
11–19 | 125 | 42.0 | 123 | 29.2 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.9 | 2.3 | 1.1–4.5 |
Pack-years of smoking | ||||||||
0 | 87 | 29.1 | 169 | 40.3 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.9 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.1 |
0.1–30 | 90 | 30.1 | 132 | 31.4 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.9 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.2 |
>30–162 | 122 | 40.8 | 119 | 28.3 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.4 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.4 |
Fruit intake7 | ||||||||
Daily/weekly | 131 | 46.0 | 203 | 48.4 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.2 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 |
Several times/month | 102 | 35.8 | 140 | 33.3 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.0 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.5 |
Rarely/never | 52 | 18.2 | 77 | 18.3 | 1.4 | 0.5–3.8 | 3.1 | 1.2–8.1 |
Vegetables intake | ||||||||
Daily/weekly | 141 | 49.3 | 251 | 60.2 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.0 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 |
Several times/month | 110 | 38.5 | 126 | 30.2 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.3 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.7 |
Rarely/never | 35 | 12.2 | 40 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 0.6–6.1 | 3.7 | 1.0–12.9 |
Dietary folate intake (tertile) (μg/day) | ||||||||
93.2–268.1 | 67 | 26.3 | 134 | 32.9 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.2 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.7 |
268.2–342.4 | 86 | 33.9 | 135 | 33.2 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.2 | 1.6 | 0.8–3.2 |
342.5–678.5 | 101 | 39.8 | 138 | 33.9 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.0 | 1.3 | 0.6–2.6 |
Dietary vitamin B6 intake (tertile) (μg/day) | ||||||||
≤0.6 | 96 | 37.8 | 134 | 32.9 | 1.4 | 0.6–2.8 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.4 |
>0.6–0.7 | 87 | 34.2 | 135 | 33.2 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.1 |
>0.7 | 71 | 28.0 | 138 | 33.9 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.6 | 2.1 | 1.0–4.3 |
Total protein intake (tertile) (g/day) | ||||||||
≤91.8 | 74 | 29.1 | 134 | 32.9 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.8 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.0 |
91.9–119.6 | 94 | 37.0 | 135 | 33.2 | 1.9 | 1.0–3.8 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.7 |
>119.6 | 86 | 33.9 | 138 | 33.9 | 0.7 | 0.3–1.5 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.6 |
Odds ratio and 95% CI estimated from models including Alu or LINE-1 methylation as a continuous variable, adjusted for age, sex, educational level, smoking (never, former and current, or pack-year) and alcohol (nondrinker, former drinker or current drinker). The ORs and 95% CIs are scaled to express the risk increase associated with a decrease from the 90th to the 10th centile in Alu or LINE-1 DNA methylation.
p for interaction for Alu = 0.02.
p for interaction for LINE-1 = 0.01.
Negative, tested negative for both IgG antibodies to H. pylori and cagA; positive, tested positive for either IgG antibodies to H. pylori or cagA antibody, or both.
p for interaction for LINE-1 = 0.05.
p for interaction for LINE-1 = 0.02.
p for interaction for LINE-1 = 0.03.