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Single-molecule detection of bioterrorist agent ricin with an aptamer-encoded nanopore. The ricin A chain-targeted aptamer was immobilized on the inner surface of the glass nanopore. The current trace showed a 56 nm aptamer-encoded nanopore in the presence of 100 nM ricin A-chain protein in the external solution (−100 mV). The stepwise current blocks are attributed to the sequential binding of single ricin molecules to the immobilized aptamers in the nanopore26.
