TABLE 8.

Prediction rules for the diagnosis of candidemia/invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit (ICU)

Reference	Study population	Risk factors for candidemia/invasive candidiasis	Risk score	Comment
412	1107 non-neutropenic adult patients in 36 ICUs >7 days in Spain, Argentina and France. (1–3)-β-D-glucan and anti-Candida antibodies once weekly for 4 weeks	Candida score Surgery Multifocal colonization Total parenteral nutrition Severe sepsis (1–3)-β-D-glucan Anti-Candida antibodies once weekly for 4 weeks	1 1 1 2 ≥75 pg/mL	Invasive candidiasis improbable with score <3. (1–3)-β-D-glucan ≥75 pg/mL independent predictor of invasive candidiasis and higher response to empirical antifungal therapy
242	221 surgical ICU patients with peritonitis	Female sex Upper gastrointestinal origin of peritonitis Intraoperative cardiovascular failure Previous antimicrobial therapy ≥48 h before onset of peritonitis	N/A	Presence of 3 risk factors related to Candida peritonitis; accuracy 71%
243	2890 medical-surgical ICU patients admitted >4 days in USA and ≥4 days in USA and Brazil	Patients in ICU >4 days, any systemic antibiotic (days 1 to 3) or central venous catheter (days 1 to 3) and at least 2 of the following: Total parenteral nutrition (days 1 to 3) Any dialysis (days −1 to 3) Any major surgery (days −7 to 0) Pancreatitis (days −7 to 0) Any use of steroids (days −7 to 3) Use of immunosuppressive agents (days −7 to 0)	N/A	RR 4.36, sensitivity 34%, specificity 90%

N/A Not applicable