Table 1.
Potential 73 Risk Factors for Late Age-related macular degeneration, Identified in the Initial Review
| • Ocular factors (n = 15) |
| • Nuclear opacity |
| • Cortical opacity |
| • Pterygium |
| • Lens opacity |
| • Horizontal cup-to-disc ratio |
| • Fellow eye |
| • Iris color*† |
| • Eye disease* |
| • Cataract/Cataract surgery*† |
| • Arcus cornea |
| • Arterioar-to-venular ratio |
| • Frekling |
| • Spherical equivalents |
| • Eye glasses for distance vision |
| • Family history of AMD† |
| • Cardiovascular factors (n = 7) |
| • Atherosclerosis |
| • History of CVD and cerebrovascular disease*† |
| • Serum Total Cholesterol level† and Serum HDL Cholesterol level† |
| • Hypertension*† |
| • Plasma antioxidants |
| • Other medical conditions or marker (n = 8) |
| • Biochemical variables* including serum albumin, C-Reactive Protein,*† plasma fibrinogen,† and serum triglyceride†) |
| • Bone mineral density |
| • Diabetes*† |
| • Arthritis |
| • Menopause |
| • Diet (n = 11) |
| • Dietary intake |
| • Fat* |
| • Animal fat* |
| • Vegetable fat* |
| • Linoleic acid |
| • ∞-3 fatty acids EPA/DHA |
| • Antioxidants* |
| • Saturated fat |
| • Monounsaturated fat |
| • Polyunsaturated fat |
| • Trans-unsaturated fat |
| • Medications (n = 9) |
| • Birth control use |
| • Diuretics use |
| • Antacid use |
| • Antihypertensive medication use |
| • Anti-inflammatory drug use |
| • Hydrochlorothiazide use |
| • Hormone replacement therapy |
| • Hormones (women) |
| • Hypnotics/sedative |
| • Life style (n = 3) |
| • Smoking*† |
| • Alcohol consumption |
| • Physical activity level |
| • Light and other exposures (n = 3) |
| • Place of birth |
| • Solar radiation/outdoor exposure* |
| • Chemical exposure |
| • Genetics (n = 9) |
| • fibulin 5 |
| • CST3 |
| • CX3CR |
| • TLR4 |
| • VEGF |
| • LRP6 |
| • MMP9 |
| • HLA family of genes |
| • CFH |
| • Demographics (n = 8) |
| • Gender*† |
| • Age*† |
| • Race/ethnicity*† |
| • Education* |
| • Weight/Body mass index*† |
| • Waist circumference |
| • Height |
| • Marital status |