Table 2.

Characteristics of Independent vs. Non-independent Groups

Characteristic	Independent Group (n = 51)+	Non-independent Group (n = 103)+
Age (yrs)	53.9 (15.0)	52.6 (12.9)	p = 0.56
Female (%)	11 (21.6%)	39 (37.9%)	p = 0.04*
Katz Comorbidity Score (0-45)	2.7 (3.3)	2.9 (3.3)	p = 0.70
Symptom duration (wks)	4.3 (2.8)	5.2 (3.1)	p = 0.08
Oswestry Disability index (0-100)	45 (20)	54 (21)	p = 0.014*
VAS Leg Pain (0-10)	7.1 (2.5)	6.9 (2.4)	p = 0.60
VAS Back Pain (0-10)	5.1 (3.3)	5.1 (3.3)	p = 0.94
Midlumbar nerve root impingement (L2, L3, or L4 levels)	24 (47.1%)	54 (52.4%)	p = 0.53

*statistically significant

⁺Mean (S.D.) or N (%)