Figure 1. Song learning in syllable repeaters and non-repeaters.

A. Spectrograms of non-repeater (left) and repeater (right) song motifs. The R's indicate repeated syllables. B. Learning of tutor's songs by tutored repeaters and non-repeaters. Bar graphs show no significant difference in % similarity, mean accuracy and sequential match of pupil song motifs with the respective tutor motifs, between repeaters (n = 8) and non-repeaters (n = 8) tutored by repeater tutors in this study. The error bars represent standard errors of the mean (SEMs) C. Spectrograms of the songs of a tutor and its two pupils as adults, one of which is a repeater and the other a non-repeater. Repeated syllables in the tutor's as well as repeater pupil's song are indicated by the letter “R”.