Table 1.

Subject characteristics (n = 145)

	Mean (SD)	% (n)
Sociodemographic
Age, years	47.9 (12.2)
Race/ethnicity
White, non Hispanic		54.5 (79)
Hispanic		10.3 (15)
African American		14.5 (21)
Asian		12.4 (18)
Other, unknown		8.3 (12)
Education, ≤ high school		13.1 (19)
Income, < poverty		13.0 (18)
Smoking
Current		4.2 (6)
Former		33.3 (48)
Never		62.5 (90)
Health-related
Disease duration, years	15.8 (9.2)
SLAQ score*	12.4 (7.0)
Daily dose of glucocorticoids
0		54.8 (74)
1–4 mg/day		5.2 (7)
5–9 mg/day		20.7 (28)
10–14 mg/day		17.0 (23)
15–19 mg/day		3.7 (5)
≥ 20 mg/day		2.2 (3)

SLAQ = Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire