Table 1.
Sample Demographics and Baseline Background Characteristics and Study Variables (N = 56)
| Treatment group (TG) (n = 28) | Control group (CG) (n = 28) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nursing home (TG - 1) | Nursing home (TG - 2) | Assisted living facility (TG) | Nursing home (CG–1) | Nursing home (CG - 2) | Assisted living facility (CG) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| 12 (21) | 6 (11) | 10 (18) | 4 (7) | 11 (20) | 13 (23) | |||
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 11 (39) | 3 (11) | 9 (32) | 4 (14) | 10 (36) | 12 (43) | ||
| Male | 1 (4) | 3 (11) | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| African American | 1 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Caucasian | 11 (39) | 6 (21) | 10 (36) | 4 (14) | 11 (39) | 13 (46) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Never married | 1 (4) | 0 | 0 | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 0 | ||
| Married | 3 (11) | 3 (11) | 0 | 0 | 2 (7) | 0 | ||
| Widowed | 6 (21) | 2 (7) | 8 (29) | 1 (4) | 8 (29) | 12 (43) | ||
| 2 (7) | 1 (4) | 2 (7) | 2 (7) | 0 | 1 (4) | |||
| Separated/Divorced | ||||||||
| Education Levela | ||||||||
| No diploma | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 3 (12) | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (4) | ||
| High school | 5 (19) | 3 (12) | 4 (15) | 1 (4) | 4 (15) | 7 (27) | ||
| College/Technical | 4 (15) | 0 | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 1 (4) | 5 (19) | ||
| Graduate degree | 2 (8) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 4 (15) | 0 | ||
| Background Characteristics | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Treatment Group M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Control Group M (SD) |
| Age (years) | 83.55 (8.79) | 80.73 (6.40) | 84.89 (8.21) | 83.42 (8.0) | 81.73 (12.81) | 87.59 (4.61) | 85.43 (5.96) | 85.75 (6.76) |
| Education (years) | 13.75 (3.31) | 10.00 (2.19) | 11.80 (3.82) | 12.25 (3.52)* | 13.00 (3.46) | 15.70 (3.50) | 13.38 (2.22) | 14.19 (3.05)* |
| MMSE | 13.67 (4.64) | 13.83 (3.71) | 16.00 (2.75) | 14.54 (3.88) | 15.50 (4.20) | 16.55 (4.95) | 14.92 (3.40) | 15.64 (4.09) |
| CIRS | 1.76 (0.24) | 1.65 (0.29) | 1.65 (0.26) | 1.70 (0.26) | 1.75 (0.13) | 1.69 (0.29) | 1.53 (0.16) | 1.62 (0.23) |
| Length of stay (years) | 4.75 (3.25) | 2.81 (2.02) | 1.58 (1.29) | 2.15 (1.59) | 0.31 (0.16) | 4.00 (2.82) | 2.51 (2.30) | 2.78 (2.61) |
| Baseline Study Variablesb | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| CSDD | 4.75 (3.25) | 5.00 (3.35) | 2.50 (1.96) | 6.75 (3.77) | 4.36 (4.92) | 5.77 (3.77) | ||
| QOL Resident-rated | 40.23 (8.41) | 41.17 (8.91) | 45.79 (4.86) | 43.11 (9.64) | 42.18 (9.00) | 44.29 (3.56) | ||
| QOL Staff-rated | 39.75 (6.28) | 34.67 (4.13) | 44.60 (4.60) | 36.00 (5.72) | 41.82 (9.52) | 43.54 (6.54) | ||
| NPI-NH | 7.33 (9.00) | 7.67 (6.31) | 3.10 (3.78) | 10.25 (8.18) | 9.36 (14.25) | 15.92 (12.24) | ||
| Social Communication | 5.51 (0.92) | 6.31 (1.00) | 6.20 (0.63) | 4.99 (1.65) | 5.92 (0.94) | 5.51 (0.94) | ||
| Basic Needs Communication | 5.70 (0.84) | 6.31 (0.78) | 6.61 (0.38) | 5.46 (0.55) | 6.00 (0.69) | 5.97 (0.89) | ||
| OERS pleasure | 2.00 (1.04) | 1.83 (0.41) | 2.00 (1.15) | 1.25 (0.50) | 2.00 (1.00) | 2.50 (1.09) | ||
Note. Percentage totals may not add to 100% due to rounding.
a
Education Level was missing on four participants.
b
See Table 2 for baseline group means.
*
P < .05, Wilcoxon rank sum test (two-sided)