Table 1.

High risk factors and underlining causes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Chronic inflammatory biliary diseases

Primary sclerosing cholangitis/Ulcerative colitis

Hepatolithiasis

Liver flukes and other biliary parasite infections

Others

Biliary malformation and developmental disorders

Caroli’s disease

Congenital hepatic fibrosis

Biliary-pancreatic maljunction

Simple, solitary or multiple, hepatic cyst

Polycystic liver

Others

Chronic advanced, non-biliary, liver diseases

Chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis related to HCV and HBV infection

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Others

Thorotrast deposition

EB virus infection

Others

HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; EB: Epstein-Barr.