Table 2.
Selected GI, pancreatic, and adipose tissue peptides that regulate food intake.
| Peptide | Main site of synthesis | Receptors mediating feeding effects | Effect on food intake |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCK | Proximal intestinal I cells | CCK1R | inhibition |
| GLP-1 | Distal intestinal L cells | GLP-1R | inhibition |
| Oxyntomodulin | Distal intestinal L cells | GLP-1R and others | inhibition |
| PYY | Distal intestinal L cells | Y2R | inhibition |
| Enterostatin | Exocrine pancreas | F1-ATPase beta subunit | inhibition |
| APO AIV | Intestinal epithelial cells | Unknown | inhibition |
| PP | Pancreatic F cells | Y4R, Y5R | inhibition |
| Amylin | Pancreatic beta cells | CTRS, RAMPS | inhibition |
| GRP and NMB | Gastric myenteric neurons | GRPR | inhibition |
| Gastric leptin | Gastric chief and P cells | Leptin receptor | inhibition |
| Ghrelin | Gastric x/a-like cells | Ghrelin receptor | stimulation |
| Insulin | Pancreatic beta cells | Insulin receptor | inhibition |
| Leptin | Adipocytes | Leptin receptor | inhibition |
| Adiponectin | Adipocytes | Adiponectin receptor | inhibition |
CTRs: calcitonin receptors; RAMPs: receptor activity-modifying proteins; GRP: gastrin-releasing peptide; NMB: neuromedin B; GRPR: GRP receptor.