Fig. 1.

Illustrations of three-way interactions for the influence of child affective characteristics on mothers’ depressive symptoms. The time X group X frontal asymmetry (a) and time X affect expression X frontal asymmetry (b) interactions are depicted. Groups for affect expression and frontal asymmetry were created by selecting cases that were at least 1 SD below or above the sample mean. At high levels, the affect expression variable reflects high positive affect, high sociability, high appropriate affect, low negative affect, and low negative affect toward mother. COD Maternal history of childhood-onset depression. Left frontal Greater relative left frontal brain activity in child; right frontal Greater relative right frontal brain activity in child