TABLE 4.
Effect of Deadly Violence on the Likelihood of a Household Sending Out a Migrant on a First Trip to the United States from Mexico and Costa Rica: 1979–2002
| Mexico |
Costa Rica |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | B | SE | |
| Violence indicator | ||||
| Smoothed homicide rate | −0.035** | 0.015 | −1.007**** | 0.271 |
| Political economy | ||||
| GDP relative to U.S. | −0.038*** | 0.009 | 0.231** | 0.126 |
| Economic openness | −0.004 | 0.005 | 0.054*** | 0.017 |
| Demographic status | ||||
| Age of head | 0.100**** | 0.013 | 0.042 | 0.055 |
| Age squared | −0.002**** | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.001 |
| Minors in household | −0.021 | 0.016 | −0.042 | 0.076 |
| Assets owned | ||||
| Farmland | 0.058 | 0.084 | 0.378 | 0.266 |
| Real estate | −0.260**** | 0.054 | 0.090 | 0.205 |
| Business | −0.747**** | 0.107 | −0.478* | 0.269 |
| Human capital | ||||
| Schooling | −0.044**** | 0.007 | −0.022 | 0.028 |
| Spouse’s schooling | 0.005 | 0.008 | −0.046 | 0.030 |
| Social capital | ||||
| Family in U.S. | 0.707**** | 0.026 | 0.889**** | 0.148 |
| Head’s occupation | ||||
| Agriculture | — | — | — | — |
| Unskilled manual | 0.232**** | 0.064 | 0.005 | 0.327 |
| Skilled manual | −0.017 | 0.062 | 0.369 | 0.248 |
| Unemployed | −0.885**** | 0.103 | −1.195** | 0.502 |
| Spouse’s labor force status | ||||
| Spouse employed | −0.019 | 0.055 | 0.135 | 0.198 |
| Constant | −2.274** | 0.893 | −3.945* | 2.111 |
| Chi-square | 2,059.6**** | −115.3**** | ||
| Pseudo R-squared | .087 | .070 | ||
| Person-years | 178,519 | 21,348 | ||
*
p < .10.
**
p < .05.
***
p < .01.
****
p < .001.