Table 2.
Periodontal Disease and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
| Periodontal measurements | Controls (n=106) | Cases (n=53) | p-value OR (95% CI) | p-value for trend aOR (95% CI)† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of teeth (mean ± SD) | 27±1.7 | 27±1.7 | 0.665 | |
| At least one site with bleeding on probing | 85 (80.2%) | 49 (92.5%) | 0.045 | |
| Number of sites with bleeding on probing (mean ± SD) | 10.7±14.3 | 15.5±15.9 | 0.060 | |
| Percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (mean ± SD) | 6.7±9.0 | 9.5±9.6 | 0.068 | |
| PD (mm, mean ± SD) | 1.8±0.4 | 2.0±0.3 | 0.028 | |
| CAL (mm, mean ± SD) | 1.8±0.4 | 2.0±0.3 | 0.022 | |
| Periodontitis (any PD or CAL≥4mm) | 0.014 | |||
| No | 45 (42.5%) | 12 (22.6%) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Yes | 61 (57.5%) | 41 (77.4%) | 2.5 (1.2–5.3) | 2.6 (1.1–6.1) |
| PD (mm, cutoff for quartile) (mean ± SD) | 0.028 | 0.011 | ||
| Quartile 1 (<1.57 mm) (1.46 ± 0.08) | 32 (30.2%) | 8 (15.1%) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Quartile 2 (1.57 mm) (1.71 ± 0.08) | 30 (28.3%) | 10 (18.9%) | 1.3 (0.5–3.8) | 2.4 (0.7–8.0) |
| Quartile 3 (1.85 mm) (2.00 ± 0.08) | 21 (19.8%) | 19 (35.8%) | 3.6 (1.3–9.8) | 3.9 (1.2–13.2) |
| Quartile 4 (2.14 mm) (2.41 ± 0.26) | 23 (21.7%) | 16 (30.2%) | 2.8 (1.0–7.6) | 3.8 (1.0–14.0) |
| CAL (mm, cutoff for quartile) (mean ± SD) | 0.020 | 0.007 | ||
| Quartile 1 (<1.62 mm) (1.48 ± 0.10) | 33 (31.1%) | 7 (13.2%) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Quartile 2 (1.62 mm) (1.73 ± 0.07) | 29 (27.4%) | 11 (20.8%) | 1.8 (0.6–5.2) | 2.9 (0.9–9.9) |
| Quartile 3 (1.86 mm) (2.03 ± 0.09) | 22 (20.8%) | 20 (37.7%) | 4.3 (1.6–11.8) | 4.2 (1.2–14.3) |
| Quartile 4 (2.17 mm) (2.43 ± 0.26) | 22 (20.8%) | 15 (28.3%) | 3.2 (1.1–9.2) | 4.5 (1.2–16.9) |
| Periodontitis (Offenbacher S, et al)29 | 0.033 | |||
| No | 42 (39.6%) | 12 (22.6%) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Yes | 64 (60.4%) | 41 (77.4%) | 2.2 (1.1–4.8) | 2.3 (1.0–5.3) |
| Periodontitis (Offenbacher S, et al)29 | 0.034 | 0.012 | ||
| No | 42 (39.6%) | 12 (22.6%) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Mild | 17 (16.0%) | 6 (11.3%) | 1.2 (0.4–3.8) | 1.3 (0.4–4.3) |
| Severe | 47 (44.3%) | 35 (66.0%) | 2.6 (1.2–5.7) | 2.7 (1.1–6.7) |
†
OR adjusted for maternal age, parity, race, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, systemic antibiotics in pregnancy, family history of diabetes, income, dental insurance coverage, and BMI.