Table 3.
Distribution of Covariates Among Controls, Pooled Congenital Heart Disease Cases, and Each Outcome Group, Northeast of England, 1985–1996
| ICD-10 Codes(s)a |
||||||||||||
| Controls (n = 9,975) | CHD (n = 2,713) | Q20 (n = 238) | Q21 (n = 1,641) | Q22 (n = 337) | Q23 (n = 330) | Q25–Q26 (n = 424) | Ventricular Septal Defect (n = 902) | Atrial Septal Defect (n = 271) | Congenital Pulmonary Valve Stenosis (n = 240) | Tetralogy of Fallot (n = 140) | Coarctation of the Aorta (n = 127) | |
| Sex, % | ||||||||||||
| Female | 48.4 | 46.9 | 37.8 | 49.1 | 49.3 | 37.3 | 44.9 | 47.6 | 57.7 | 52.9 | 42.9 | 37.0 |
| Male | 51.6 | 53.1 | 62.2 | 50.9 | 50.7 | 62.7 | 55.1 | 52.4 | 42.3 | 47.1 | 57.1 | 63.0 |
| Townsend Deprivation Score | ||||||||||||
| Minimum | −6.5 | −6.0 | −5.4 | −5.9 | −5.3 | −5.9 | −5.9 | −5.9 | −5.9 | −5.3 | −5.5 | −5.9 |
| 1st Quartile | −1.5 | −1.4 | −0.9 | −1.4 | −1.2 | −2.0 | −1.3 | −1.6 | −1.2 | −1.1 | −1.2 | −1.1 |
| Median | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
| 3rd Quartile | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.6 |
| Maximum | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 11.0 |
| Urbanity, % | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 90.4 | 91.3 | 90.8 | 91.9 | 92.3 | 89.1 | 91.3 | 92.0 | 93.5 | 93.3 | 87.9 | 96.9 |
| Rural | 9.6 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 8.7 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 12.1 | 3.1 |
| Season, % | ||||||||||||
| Spring | 25.7 | 24.4 | 19.8 | 25.0 | 26.1 | 20.3 | 22.6 | 24.9 | 23.4 | 25.0 | 22.9 | 16.5 |
| Summer | 25.2 | 26.1 | 31.9 | 25.3 | 23.2 | 23.9 | 23.6 | 26.2 | 25.9 | 23.3 | 25.0 | 22.1 |
| Autumn | 24.9 | 24.7 | 24.4 | 24.6 | 25.2 | 27.3 | 24.8 | 25.4 | 23.9 | 22.9 | 25.7 | 33.1 |
| Winter | 24.2 | 24.8 | 23.9 | 25.1 | 25.5 | 28.5 | 29.0 | 23.5 | 26.8 | 28.7 | 26.4 | 28.3 |
Abbreviations: CHD, congenital heart disease; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.
a
Q20, congenital malformations of cardiac chambers and connections; Q21, congenital malformations of cardiac septa; Q22, congenital malformations of pulmonary and tricuspid valves; Q23, congenital malformations of aortic and mitral valves; Q25–Q26, congenital malformations of great arteries and veins.