Table 2.
Demographic, physical and medical characteristics of the patients included in the study
| Total | DIA without HYP | DIA with HYP | HYP without DIA | Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 288 | 22 | 42 | 159 | 65 |
| Age (yr) | 54.90 ± 11.68 | 53.27 ± 12.74 | 62.17 ± 8.03 | 56.69 ± 11.08 | 48.75 ± 11.22 |
| Male sex (%) | 62.29 | 81.81a | 66.67a | 62.78 | 53.85 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.32 ± 4.26 | 28.71 ± 4.99 | 30.33 ± 4.86 | 28.68 ± 3.93 | 26.82 ± 3.29 |
| Endoglin (ng/mL) | 5.04 ± 1.05 | 5.02 ± 0.98 | 4.88 ± 1.20 | 4.39 ± 1.04 | 5.21 ± 1.10 |
| Basal glycemia (mg/dL) | 98.76 ± 30.77 | 121.22 ± 30.03b,e | 132.56 ± 45.52b,e | 88.45 ± 11.49 | 84.47 ± 9.04 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.42 ± 1.05 | 6.72 ± 1.07b,e | 6.80 ± 1.30b,e | 5.03 ± 0.45 | 4.91 ± 0.45 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.89 ± 12.72 | 121.34 ± 8.37 | 126.20 ± 14.21c | 127.03 ± 13.94c | 123.69 ± 9.52 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.05 ± 9.43 | 73.38 ± 6.08 | 72.78 ± 9.11a,d | 76.82 ± 9.88c | 77.65 ± 7.65 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 71.96 ± 10.56 | 75.11 ± 11.29 | 72.51 ± 10.28 | 71.08 ± 11.06c | 72.77 ± 10.31 |
| Leukocytes (103 cells/μL) | 6.70 ± 1.95 | 7.35 ± 2.90a | 7.23 ± 1.94a | 6.71 ± 1.96a | 6.08 ± 1.03 |
| Neutrophils (103 cells/μL) | 3.52 ± 1.33 | 4.06 ± 2.30a | 3.76 ± 1.32a | 3.52 ± 1.25 | 3.17 ± 0.93 |
| Lymphocytes (103 cells/μL) | 2.41 ± 0.74 | 2.49 ± 0.61 | 2.71 ± 0.77 | 2.42 ± 0.83 | 2.23 ± 0.52 |
| Monocytes (103 cells/μL) | 0.54 ± 0.26 | 0.56 ± 0.19 | 0.58 ± 1.18 | 0.55 ± 0.32 | 0.47 ± 0.15 |
| Eosinophils (103 cells/μL) | 0.21 ± 0.22 | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.17 | 0.23 ± 0.28 | 0.18 ± 0.11 |
| Basophils (103 cells/μL) | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.03 |
| Smokers (%) | 24.92 | 36.36 | 16.67 | 26.81 | 24.61 |
| High-density lipoproteins (mg/dL) | 52.35 ± 12.42 | 46.27 ± 8.85a,d | 47.43 ± 9.74a,d | 53.50 ± 12.41 | 54.13 ± 13.51 |
| Low-density lipoproteins (mg/dL) | 125.80 ± 32.67 | 113.72 ± 27.18a | 105.63 ± 25.52a,d | 131.43 ± 34.14c | 127.13 ± 28.74 |
| Alcohol consumption (U/wk) | 11.30 ± 20.33 | 9.79 ± 15.82 | 12.70 ± 20.94 | 12.21 ± 23.45 | 10.15 ± 18.06 |
| Daily physical activity (%) | 34.75 | 31.82 | 57.14a | 34.78 | 26.15 |
| FPACD (%) | 15.08 | 9.09 | 30.95a,c,d | 13.77 | 9.23 |
Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation or percentage. DIA, patients with diabetes; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HYP, patients with hypertension; FPACD, family premature antecedents of cardiovascular disease in first-degree relatives. aStatistically significant differences (P < 0.05) vs. control group; bP < 0.0001 vs. control group; cP < 0.05 vs. DIA without HYP; dP < 0.05 vs. HYP without DIA; eP < 0.0001 vs. HYP without DIA.