TABLE 1.
Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the subjects
| Control 50 | Obese | Type 2 diabetes | Control 25 | Type 1 diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 |
| Men/women | 6/4 | 7/3 | 5/5 | 4/1 | 4/1 |
| Age (years) | 55.3 ± 3.5 | 52.0 ± 1.4 | 56.2 ± 2.4 | 25.4 ± 1.3 | 28.8 ± 1.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 0.5 | 33.3 ± 0.9‡ | 32.1 ± 1.0‡ | 21.5 ± 0.6 | 24.5 ± 1.3 |
| A1C | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 10.1 ± 0.7‡* | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.4 |
| Basal | |||||
| Glucose (mmol/l)a | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 10.5 ± 0.7‡ | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 13.5 ± 0.9† |
| Insulin (pmol/l)a | 34.5 ± 2.9 | 55.9 ± 10.7† | 68.2 ± 6.6‡ | 32.3 ± 1.5 | nd |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)a | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2† | 1.9 ± 0.3‡ | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.02 |
| Nonesterified fatty acid (μmol/l)a | 472.1 ± 46.4 | 644.5 ± 41.3† | 619.5 ± 49.1† | 492 ± 48 | 519 ± 97 |
| Glucose disposal rate [mg/(kg·min)] | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1† | 2.3 ± 0.3 | nd | nd |
| Glucose oxidation rate [mg/(kg·min)] | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
| Lipid oxidation rate [mg/(kg·min)] | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | nd | nd |
| Clamp study | |||||
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.2† |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 810.0 ± 122.5 | 835.7 ± 150.4 | 1,184.0 ± 67.9‡* | 875 ± 48 | 949 ± 115 |
| Nonesterified fatty acid (μmol/l) | 25.7 ± 3.5 | 77.3 ± 23.8 | 93.7 ± 16.7† | nd | nd |
| Glucose disposal rate [mg/(kg·min)] | 10.6 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.5‡ | 3.7 ± 0.5‡ | 9 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 1.4 |
| Glucose oxidation rate [mg/(kg·min)] | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1‡ | 2.2 ± 0.1‡ | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 |
| Lipid oxidation rate [mg/(kg·min)] | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1† | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.8 |
Data are mean ± SEM. The clamp study refers to an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp as detailed in research design and methods.
aParameters measured after an overnight fast;
†P < 0.05 and
‡P < 0.001 vs. the respective control subjects;
*P < 0.05 when comparing type 2 diabetic with obese subjects; nd, not determined.