Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) expression and transcriptional activity in human podocytes. (A) Cells were treated with gemfibrozil (10 µM), GW0742 (0.1 µM) or pioglitazone (1 µM) for increasing times (24–72 h) or with gemfibrozil (0.1–10 µM), GW0742 (1–100 nM) or pioglitazone (0.01–1 µM) for 72 h. PPARA, PPARB and PPARG expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. (B) Cells were treated with gemfibrozil (0.1–10 µM), GW0742 (1 nM–100 nM) or to pioglitazone (0.01–1 µM) for 72 h and PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis. β-actin was used as an internal control. The figures are representative of four independent experiments. (C) Cells were treated with gemfibrozil (10 µM), GW0742 (0.1 µM) or pioglitazone (1 µM) for 72 h and PPARGC1A, and UCP2 expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Results are expressed as mean ± SEmean of four experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 versus untreated cells (c).