Table 1.
Common side effects shared by antiretrovirals and antituberculosis medications
| Hepatitis | Nevirapine, ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors, isoniazid, rifampina, pyrazinamide |
| Gastrointestinal distress |
All antiretrovirals (less common with lamivudine and emtricitabine), fluoroquinolones, ethionamide (associated with taste alteration), para-aminosalicylic acid |
| Nephrotoxicity |
Tenofovir (renal tubular dysfunction), idinavir–ritonavir, streptomycin, aminoglycosides (nephrotoxic TB agents carry particular risk of potentiating lactic acidosis common to the NRTIs used in antiretroviral rollout regimens) |
| Neuropsychiatric disorders |
Efavirenz (insomnia, drowsiness, vivid dreams), cycloserine (headaches, tremor, seizure), terizidone (mainly headache and seizures) |
| Peripheral neuropathy |
Stavudine, didanosine, cycloserine, streptomycin, aminoglycosides, isoniazid (overcome with pyridoxine administration) |
Antiretrovirals are in bold. Antituberculosis medications are in italics. Stavudine, didanosine, tenofovir, lamivudine and emtricitabine are NRTIs. Nevirapine and efavirenz are NNRTIs. Idinavir and ritonovir are protease inhibitors. Common global rollout antiretroviral regimens: (stavudine or zidovidine)+(lamivudine or emtricitabine)+(nevirapine or efavirenz) or (tenofovir or abacavir)+(lamivudine or emtricitabine)+(nevirapine or efavirenz). MDR, multidrug-resistant; NNRTIs, nonnuceloside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; TB, tuberculosis; XDR, extensively drug-resistant.