Table 3.
Means (SD) and ANCOVA statistics on mother-child (aged 2.5–4.0 years) picture dialogue
| Level of mother talk | Parenting (n=170) | Control (n=159) | Total (n=329) | Group effect | Level effect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | df | p value | F | df | p value | ||||
| Level 0 | 2.78 (2.6) | 3.31 (2.7) | 3.04 (2.6) | 5.91 | 327 | 0.02 | 11.37 | 3,960 | 0.001 |
| Level 1 | 6.15 (4.1) | 7.12 (5.9) | 6.61 (5.1) | ||||||
| Level 2 | 17.01 (5.6) | 17.92 (5.2) | 17.45 (5.4) | ||||||
| Level 3 | 5.76 (3.6) | 6.09 (3.9) | 5.92 (3.8) | ||||||
Level 0=Evaluate child negatively, off task, disengaged;
Level 1=Command, point to an object, name an object;
Level 2=Question child, answer child, expand on detail beyond naming;
Level 3=Expand on child's behaviour, encourage child to talk, ask to expand, positive evaluation;
ANCOVA=Analysis of covariance;
df=Degrees of freedom;
NS=Not significant;
SD=Standard deviation