Table 2.

Genetic dissimilarity and the distributions of the individual behavioural variants. (Shown for each of the individual behavioural variants are their classifications as given in the original study of geographical variation in chimpanzee behaviour [9], the number of groups compared in the correlation between genetic and behavioural dissimilarity, the Spearman's r_s and p-values for this correlation, and whether it varies between genetically similar groups: criterion 1: groups classified as having no statistically significant genetic dissimilarity; criterion 2: groups occupying the same block of continuous forest. Behavioural variants are listed in ascending order of strength of positive correlation with genetic dissimilarity. See [10] for more detailed descriptions of the behavioural variants.)

behavioural variant	classification	n	Spearman's rs	p	varies among non-genetically differentiated groups?
					criterion 1	criterion 2
termite-fish using leaf midrib	fishing actions	6	−0.62	0.26	yes	yes
leaf-squash (squash ecto-parasite on leaf)	exploitation of leaf properties/grooming	28	−0.21	0.26	no	no
termite-fish using non-leaf materials	fishing actions	6	−0.21	0.77	yes	yes
self-tickle (tickle self using objects)	misc. exploitation of vegetation properties	36	−0.14	0.56	no	no
leaf-clip, fingers (rip single leaf with fingers)	exploitation of leaf properties	36	−0.11	0.49	yes	no
pestle-pound (mash palm crown with petiole)	pounding actions	6	−0.10	1.00	yes	no
leaf-clip, mouth (rip parts off leaf, with mouth)	exploitation of leaf properties	36	−0.09	0.61	no	no
ant-dip-wipe (manually wipe ants off wand)	fishing actions	36	−0.07	0.64	no	no
leaf-inspect (inspect ecto-parasite on hand)	exploitation of leaf properties/grooming	28	−0.03	0.89	no	no
leaf-dab (leaf dabbed on wound, examined)	exploitation of leaf properties	36	−0.03	0.82	no	no
leaf-strip (rip leaves off stem, as threat)	exploitation of leaf properties	36	−0.02	0.89	no	no
fly-whisk (leafy stick used to fan flies)	comfort behaviour	21	0	0.98	yes	no
food-pound onto other (e.g. stone)	pounding actions	21	0	0.99	yes	no
stem pull-through (pull stems noisily)	attention-getting	36	0	0.97	yes	yes
expel/stir stick expels or stirs insects)	forcing actions	21	0.02	0.93	yes	no
ant-fish (probe used to extract ants)	fishing actions	36	0.03	0.78	no	no
branch-slap (slap branch, for attention)	attention-getting	36	0.03	0.82	yes	no
aimed-throw (throw object directionally)	misc. exploitation of vegetation properties	36	0.06	0.58	yes	yes
shrub-bend (squash stems underfoot)	attention-getting	36	0.07	0.62	yes	yes
lever open (stick used to enlarge entrance)	forcing actions	36	0.10	0.59	yes	no
fluid-dip (use of probe to extract fluids)	probing actions	36	0.14	0.31	yes	no
bee-probe (disable bees, flick with probe)	probing actions	36	0.15	0.36	yes	no
knuckle-knock (knock to attract attention)	attention-getting	36	0.16	0.28	no	no
hand-clasp (clasp arms overhead, groom)	grooming	36	0.18	0.20	no	no
nut-hammer, wood hammer on wood anvil	pounding actions	6	0.21	0.77	yes	no
club (strike forcefully with stick)	pounding actions	36	0.25	0.10	no	no
leaf-napkin (leaves used to clean body)	exploitation of leaf properties	36	0.25	0.10	no	no
nut-hammer, other (e.g. on ground)	pounding actions	15	0.28	0.21	yes	no
nut-hammer, wood hammer on stone anvil	pounding actions	15	0.28	0.21	yes	no
food-pound onto wood (smash food)	pounding actions	21	0.35	0.07	no	no
index-hit (squash ecto-parasite on arm)	grooming	36	0.35	0.05	yes	no
marrow-pick (pick bone marrow out)	probing actions	36	0.38	0.04	yes	no
rain dance (slow display at start of rain)	no code	36	0.39	0.03	yes	no
seat-vegetation (large leaves as set)	comfort behaviour	36	0.49	0.02	no	no
nut-hammer, stone hammer on wood anvil	pounding actions	6	0.59	0.17	no	no
leaf-groom (intense 'grooming' of leaves)	exploitation of leaf properties	36	0.72	0.01	no	no
ant-dip-single (one handed dip stick on ants)	fishing actions	36	0.84	0	no	no
nut-hammer, stone hammer on stone anvil	pounding actions	15	0.85	0	no	no